|  Photon Phenomenology | 
Photon Propagation in General
  > s.a. diffraction; dispersion;
  interference; light [including special
  propagation physics; orbital L]; wave phenomena.
  * In modified QED vacua:
    In the low-energy (\(\hbar\omega \ll m_{\rm e}c^2)\) approximation,
    the speed of propagation can be written as
v = 1 − (44α2/135) (u / me4) ,
    where u is the (renormalized) background energy density, and
    the coefficient is related to the trace anomaly of the energgy-momentum
    tensor, for weak background fields.
  @ General references: Cialdi et al NJP(09) [superluminal propagation];
    Zhang et al PRL(11)
    + news physorg(11)jun [not superluminal];
    Razmi & Zamani IJPR-a1308 [QED corrections at low temperature];
    Karbstein & Shaisultanov PRD(15)-a1503 [in slowly-varying inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields].
  @ In modified QED vacua: Latorre et al NPB(95)ht/94;
    Gies & Dittrich PLB(98)hp,
    Dittrich & Gies PRD(98)hp [non-trivial];
    Cougo-Pinto et al PLB(99);
    Shukla et al PLA(04) [radiation background];
    Cho et al PRD(06) [constant E and B];
    Mendonça et al PLA(06);
    > s.a. casimir effect.
  @ Interaction with matter in general:
    Chen & Kotlarchyk 07;
    Saldanha & Monken NJP(11) [photon-wave-function approach].
  @ Effective mass: van der Mark & 't Hooft
      in(00)-a1508 [on its gravitational mass];
    Robles & Claro EJP(12) [apparent dynamical mass];
    news ns(13)oct [photons with negative effective mass];
    Katkov NIMB(15)-a1403 [in a strong magnetic field];
    > s.a. photon [mass].
  @ Non-linear media: Carusotto & Ciuti RMP(13) [quantum fluids of light];
    Liang et al Sci(18)feb-a1709 [bound states];
    Carusotto Phys(20)apr [dressed
      by material excitations into polaron-polaritons, strongly  interacting extended quasiparticles].
  @ Special types of media:
    Antoci & Mihich NCB(01)gq [dielectrics, effective metric];
    Özel ApJ(03)ap/02 [magnetized plasmas and quantum field theory];
    Sudheesh et al JOB(05)qp [Kerr-like medium, non-classical aspects];
    Inagaki NCB(03) [refractive];
    Antoci & Mihich NCB(07)-a0705 [dielectrics];
    Zheng a1305 [dilute ionized gas].
    > Related topics:
    see aharonov-bohm effect; gas;
    polarization [including birefringence, dichroism];
    Raman and Rayleigh Scattering;
    thermal radiation [Stefan-Boltzmann law for massive photons];
    thermodynamic systems.
In Curved Spacetime / Cosmology > s.a. light;
  Raychaudhuri Equation; torsion in physics.
  @ In Schwarzschild spacetime: Sehra gq/06;
    Turakulov & Muminov MPLA(06);
    Muminov & Turakulov MPLA(07)-a0706;
    > s.a. kerr-newman solutions.
  @ In swiss-cheese models: Brouzakis et al JCAP(08)-ap/07;
    Marra et al PRD(07)-a0708;
    Szybka PRD(11)-a1012 [Lemaître-Tolman solutions, numerical].
  @ In other curved spacetime: Gibbons PLB(93) [cosmic strings];
    Manzano & Montemayor PRD(97) [rotating mass];
    Mohanty & Prasanna NPB(98)gq;
    Okun MPLA(00),
    MPLA(00) [static gravitational fields];
    Kopeikin et al CQG(06)gq [in multipole fields];
    de Felice et al ApJ(06)ap [Solar System];
    Ahmadi et al JCAP(08)gq/06 [in general, and NUT space];
    Crosta CQG(11)-a1012 [light tracing];
    Shalaby a1205
      [propagation in a universe with discrete matter content];
    Linet & Teyssandier CQG(13)-a1304,
    Teyssandier & Linet a1312-proc
      [light travel time in static, spherically symmetric spacetimes];
    > s.a. FLRW spacetimes.
  @ Curved-spacetime propagation effects:
    Shore NPB(02),
    NPB(02),
    CP(03)gq [causality];
    Ahmadi & Nouri-Zonoz PRD(06)gq [effective Raychaudhuri equation];
    Hollowood et al JHEP(09)-a0905 [quantum effects on refractive index];
    Hollowood & Shore PLB(10)-a1005 [effect of gravitational tidal forces];
    Galaverni & Gionti a2012 [quantum anomalies and helicity].
  @ Photon mass and cosmology:
    Dolgov & Pelliccia PLB(07)hp/06 [consequences];
    Kouwn et al PRD(16)-a1512 [as dark energy].
  @ Dark photon: Lees et BaBar PRL(14)
    + Bryman Phy(14) [search in \(e^+e^-\) collisions, not found];
    news LiveSci(15)feb,
    LiveSci(18)apr [not found];
    > s.a. dark-matter types.
  @ Related topics:
    Chatterjee et al MNRAS(17)-a1706 [time lag from astrophysical source];
    news cosmos(18)nov [total number of photons in the universe];
    > s.a. cosmic rays [including ultra-high energy];
      QED in curved spacetime; quantum-gravity phenomenology.
Quantum Effects
  > s.a. atomic physics; effective field theory;
  experiments in quantum mechanics; locality;
  QED phenomenology.
  * Entanglement: What is really
    entangled in an entangled state of light is not the photons [@ van Enk].
  @ Wave / particle aspects: Arnaud AJP(74)jan [momentum];
    Milonni in(83);
    Ghose et al PLA(91),
    PLA(92);
    Mizobuchi & Ohtaké PLA(92);
    Lamb APB(95) [against "photon" as a particle];
    Razmi qp/98 [position and momentum];
    Nisius PRP(00) [structure from e scattering];
    Glück et al PLB(01) [structure functions];
    Carmichael qp/01-conf [fluctuations];
    Roncadelli et al JPCS(10)-a1002 [possible oscillation into light axionlike particle];
    Brevik a1310-fs [momentum in media];
    > s.a. axion; interference;
      quantum mechanics [wave-particle duality].
  @ Photon-photon scattering: Rosen AJP(66)sep;
    Bern et al JHEP(01) [QCD and QED corrections];
    Binoth et al JHEP(02) [susy QED, 2-loop];
    Brodin et al PLA(03) [light bullets],
    PRD(06)gq [graviton-mediated];
    Lundström et al PRL(06) [proposed experiment];
    d'Enterria & da Silveira PRL(13),
    news sn(17)aug [at the LHC];
    Vavilov tr-a1708 [optical experiment];
    Scharnhorst a1711.
  @ Entanglement:
    Bouwmeester et al PRL(99) [3-photon];
    van Enk PRA(03)qp/02,
    qp/04-conf,
    & Hirota PRA(05)qp/04;
    Eisenberg et al PRL(04)qp [many photons];
    Sun & Kuang ChP(06)qp/05 [and non-locality];
    Franson PRL(06) [two-photon absorption];
    Zhang et al JPB(06)qp [in cavity QED];
    Lvovsky Phy(09)
      [viewpoint, 6-photon states immune from environmental decoherence];
    Samblowski et al AIP(11)-a1011 [light of two colors];
    Barrett Phy(11) [photons stored in spatially separated superconducting resonators];
    Morin et al PRL(13)-a1206 [single-photon entanglement];
    Fickler et al Nat(12)nov-a1207 [with very high orbital angular momenta];
    Megidish et al PRL(13)-a1209 [pair of photons that never coexisted];
    Iskhakov et al PRL(12)
    + news pw(12)oct [light pulses comprising 100,000 entangled photons];
    Mitchell & Beduini NJP(14)-a1304 [highly multipartite in polarization-squeezed light];
    Jeong et al nPhot(14)-a1309 [quantum and classical states];
    news nat(14)feb [photons from distant quasars];
    > s.a. entangled systems
      [photon + atom, photon + spin waves, multiphoton].
  @ Parametric down-conversion:
    Hübel et al Nat(10)jul
    + news nat(10)jul [generation of photon triplets];
    Walborn et al PRP(10) [rev, spatial correlations].
  @ Light standstill:
    Kocharovskaya et al qp/00;
    Turukhin et al PRL(02)
    + pn(02)jan;
    Zibrov et al PRL(02) [transport];
    >–s.a. light.
  @ Other effects and descriptions:
    Lee et al PRP(03) [photon splitting];
    de la Torre EJP(05)qp/04,
    qp/04,
    qp/05 [description, and electromagnetic field];
    news at(13)sep [photons behaving like mutually attractive massive particles];
    Miwa et al PRL(14)
    + news Phys(14)jul [squeezing and unsqueezing, two-way conversion between
      particlelike single-photon states and wavelike superpositions of coherent states];
    Just et al a1404
      [detection of non-classical spacetime correlations];
    Sokolovski a1607 [trajectories];
    news nat(17)oct [photon pairing in materials];
    news cosmos(18)feb [polariton-mediated entanglement];
    > s.a. Goldstone Boson.
  > Other effects:
    see Cerenkov Effect; Compton Effect;
    Cooper Pairs; force [measurement];
    Photoelectric Effect;
    quantum field theory effects in curved spacetime.
  > Related topics:
    see bose-einstein condensation; information;
    Laser; matter [mirror photon];
    optical technology; photons [detection,
    wave function]; quantum optics; Solid Light;
    uncertainty relations [violation of error-disturbance relation];
    phenomenology of uncertainty relations [modified dispersion relations].
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