Bose-Einstein Condensates| Bose-Einstein Condensates |
In General > s.a. gas [boson gas];
quantum phase transitions [including fermion condensation].
* Idea: Bose-Einstein condensation
is a phase transition of a boson gas, consisting in the amalgamation of many
bosonic atoms so cold and dense (chilled to nearly 0 K) that they act as a single
quantum state, essentially a single "superparticle"; This occurs when
T is so low that the atoms' de Broglie wavelength becomes comparable
to the distance between them; Similar to Cooper pairs in superconductors.
* History, theory: Started
with S N Bose's letter to Einstein in 1924, after his paper was rejected by
Philosophical Magazine; Einstein extended the ideas to massive particles in
1925; Viewed with skepticism (how can you have condensation in an ideal gas,
without forces, no applications, ...) until 1938, when F London proposed it
to explain He superfluidity, discovered in 1928.
* History, experiment:
1995, First produced with a trapped atomic gas of 5 million Rb atoms, directly
observable; 2001, Nobel prize for physics given for Bose-Einstein condensation
in dilute gases of alkali atoms; 1998, Observed in H atoms (at T ≈
40 μK, with about 100 million atoms); 2003, Observed in Ytterbium, which
differs from most of the elements that had previously been condensed because it
has two valence electrons rather than one, and can be prepared in a non-magnetic
state; 2005, Observed in Chromium, which has a very large magnetic dipole moment.
* Properties: Enormous indices
of refraction.
@ Books: Pitaevskii & Stringari 03;
Annett 04 [intro];
Griffin et al 09;
in Chang & Ge 17.
@ General references: Scharf AJP(93)sep;
Cornell & Wieman SA(98)mar;
Ketterle PT(99)dec [experiments];
Burnett et al PT(99)dec [theory];
Collins SA(00)dec;
Yukalov PLA(06) [self-consistent theory];
Yukalov PPN(11)-a1105 [rev];
Ferrari EJP(11) [pedagogical];
Tsubota et al PRP(13) [rev];
Bao a1403-proc [mathematical models and numerical methods, rev];
Liebert & Schilling PRR(21)-a2010 [one-particle reduced density matrix approach].
@ Dynamics: Schlein a0704-proc;
Caspar et al PRA(16)-a1511 [dissipative];
Davis et al a1601-ch [BEC formation and dynamics of phase transitions].
@ Perturbations: Barceló et al PRD(10)-a1006 [quasiparticles and quantization];
Kurita et al PRA(10)-a1007 [particle creation];
Prain et al PRD(10)-a1009 [expanding BEC];
Chatterjee & Diakonis JPA(14)-a1306 [thermal fluctuations];
Wang et al PRL(15) [with electrons in Rydberg states].
@ Related topics: Dorlas et al JSP(05)mp [and long cycles];
Schützhold PRL(06) [accurate phonon detection];
Healey FP(11)-a0910 [Gedanken-experiments, reduction and emergence];
Dalton AP(11) [interferometry and decoherence];
Gagatsos et al OSID(13)-a1207 [and mutual information];
Andreev a2007
[hydrodynamics beyond the mean-field approximation];
> s.a. geometric phase; Gross-Pitaevskii
Equation; unruh effect.
@ Applications: focus Phy(14) [ultraprecise measurements];
> s.a. monopoles; quantum computation;
rotations; solid matter [supersolids].
Gravity-Related Topics > s.a. gravitational-wave detection
and propagation; semiclassical quantum gravity.
@ General references: Fagnocchi et al NJP(10)-a1001 [relativistic BECs];
news pw(10)jun [BECs in free fall];
Rivas & Camacho MPLA(11)-a1101 [in a homogeneous gravitational field];
Akant et al a1306 [on a manifold with non-negative Ricci curvature];
Mukherjee et al PRD(15)-a1409 [constraints on condensate stars];
Schroven et al PRD(15)-a1507,
Brito et al PLB(16)-a1508 [self-gravitating BECs];
Chavanis & Matos EPJP-a1606 [hydrodynamic approach].
@ And black holes: Kühnel & Sundborg a1401 [as graviton condensates, with extra dimensions];
> s.a. black-hole analogs.
@ And neutron stars: Gruber & Pelster EPJD(14)-a1403 [at finite temperature];
Pethick et al a1507-in.
@ As dark matter: Lundgren et al ApJL(10)-a1001 [ultra-light scalar particles];
Harko JCAP(11)-a1105 [condensation in dwarf galaxies];
Harko & Mocanu PRD(12)-a1203 [cosmological evolution];
Dwornik et al proc(14)-a1210 [and galactic rotation curves];
Bettoni et al JCAP(14)-a1310 [relativistic BEC on a curved background];
Li et al PRD(14)-a1310 [constraints];
Diez-Tejedor et al PRD(14)-a1404 [in dwarf spheroidal galaxies];
Das & Bhaduri CQG(15)-a1411 [gravitons, and dark energy];
Cohen-Tannoudji AFLB-a1507 [Mach's ether and the QCD vacuum];
Harko et al JCAP-a1510 [at galaxy cluster scales];
Capolupo AHEP(16)-a1608 [and dark energy];
Zhang et al EPJC(18)-a1804 [galactic halos];
Das & Bhaduri a1808-pn [rev];
Castellanos et al IJMPD(20)-a1910 [test];
Rindler-Daller a2104 [quantum-coherent dark matter in the Milky Way];
> s.a. types of dark matter.
@ Spacetime as a condensate: Gielen PRD(15)-a1411 [perturbations];
Cadoni et al PRD(18)-a1801 [de Sitter space];
> s.a. emergent gravity.
@ In cosmology: Gielen CQG(14)-a1404 [loop quantum gravity];
Erdem & Gültekin JCAP(19)-a1908 [mechanism].
@ As analog systems: Bravo et al EPJQT-a1406 [and gravitational waves, quantum simulation];
Leizerovitch & Reznik a1711 [Kaluza-Klein fields];
Eckel et al PRX(18) [expanding universe model];
> s.a. wormholes.
> And quantum gravity: see gravitating
many-body systems; lorentz symmetry breaking; matter
in quantum gravity; GUP phenomenology.
Other Models and Examples
> s.a. atomic physics; effective field theories;
light; sound; temperature;
vacuum [fluctuation].
* Examples: Superfluid
\({}^3\)He and superconducting metals contain BECs of fermion pairs.
* And interactions: In 1947
Nikolay Bogoliubov developed a theory to describe interacting BECs, and he
predicted the fraction of atoms that remains in the BEC as a function of
the strength of the interactions between them; 2017, The predictions of
the theory have been experimentally confirmed.
@ Specific types of gases:
news pn(95)jul,
pn(95)aug,
pn(98)nov,
pn(99)jun,
Bradley et al PRL(95) [atoms];
Wynar et al Sci(00)feb
+ pn(00)feb [Rb\(^~_2\) molecules];
Hall AJP(03)jul [trapped dilute gases, RL];
Takasu et al PRL(03) [in Yb];
Grether et al PRL(07) [relativistic ideal Bose gas];
Stellmer et al PRL(09),
Martínez et al PRL(09)
+ Zelevinsky Phy(09)
[84Sr];
Deng et al RMP(10),
Snoke & Littlewood PT(10)aug [polariton gas, towards room temperature];
Hainzl & Seiringer LMP(12) [gas of fermion pairs, described by the Gross-Pitaevskii functional];
Halder et al PRA(12) [two-electron atoms];
Zhang et al a2006 [molecular].
@ Theoretical models: Damski & Zurek PRL(07) [spin-1, quantum phase transition];
Kurita et al PRA(09) [inhomogeneous, in curved-spacetime analog];
Jaeck et al JSP(09)-a0905 [in random external potentials];
Dolgov et al JCAP(09) [non-zero temperature model electrodynamics];
Kawaguchi & Ueda PRP(12) [spinor BECs];
Castellanos & Chacón-Acosta PLB(13)-a1301 [1D polymers, using lqg effective Hamiltonian];
Bolte & Kerner proc(15)-a1403 [on quantum graphs];
Castellanos et al IJTP(17)-a1605 [polymer quantization];
Kanda RVMP(17)-a1705 [on graphs].
@ For photons: news PT(11)feb [experiments with photons and molecules in an optical cavity];
Kirton & Keeling PRL(13) [non-equilibrium model];
Schmitt et al PRL(14)
[observation of grand-canonical number statistics];
Cheng a1412 [in the universe];
Mendonça & Terças PRA(17)-a1704 [in a plasma];
Nyman & Walker JMO(18)-a1706 [by scattering from a fluorescent dye in a microcavity];
Müller PRA(19)-a1801 [framework].
@ And interactions: Smith et al PRL(11) [effect of interactions];
Lopes et al PRL(17) [confirming Bogoliubov's theory];
de Oliveira & Michelangeli RVMP(19)-a1811 [two-component condensates].
@ 2D: Cho et al NJP(15)-a1409;
Viebahn et al PRL(19)
+ Santos Phy(19)
[on a 2D quasicrystal optical lattice];
Caraci et al a2011 [Gross-Pitaevskii regime].
@ Other systems: Petrellis et al AP(11)-a1105 [N bosons + 1 fermion];
Berges & Sexty PRL(12) [relativistic field theories far from equilibrium];
Carusotto et al NJP(13) [atomic and solid-state physics];
Finazzi & Carusotto PRA(14)-a1309 [atomic, entangled phonons];
Lee et al NJP(15)-a1409 [composite bosons, quantum-information approach];
> s.a. Zitterbewegung.
@ Related topics: Reichel SA(05)feb [and microchips];
Lye et al PRL(05) [in a random potential];
Balewski et al Nat(13)oct-a1306 [coupled to a single electron];
news pw(13)ul [faster, all-laser cooling process];
Berezhiani & Khoury PRD(19)-a1812 [emergent long-range interactions];
news pt(20)jun,
sn(20)jun [Rb BEC's in the Cold Atom Lab on the ISS].
> Generalizations:
see Fermi-Einstein Condensation.
main page
– abbreviations
– journals – comments
– other sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 8 may 2021