Interference and Interferometry| Interference and Interferometry |
In General
> s.a. atom interferometry;
photons; wave phenomena.
* For light: 1801, Young's
double slit experiment; 1909, Seen by G I Taylor with weak light, one
photon going through at a time.
* Interference in time: A plot
of electron energies shows an interference pattern when the electrons could
have been emitted in one of two "slits" in time; In the Paulus et al
experiment, laser pulses with two maxima passed through a gas of Ar atoms.
@ For light: Sanz et al AP(10) [in terms of photon trajectories];
Padgett et al PRS(11) [knotted and tangled threads of darkness in interfering beams].
@ For matter: Gustavsson et al NJP(10) [interacting matter waves];
Steane PLA(17)-a1710 [coherence limit from cosmic gravitational wave background];
> s.a. wave-function collapse.
@ Interference in time:
news pw(05)mar [experiment];
Horwitz PLA(06)qp/05 [significance],
FP(07);
Campagne-Ibarcq et al PRL(14)-a1311 [between past and future quantum states, in resonance fluorescence];
Czachor FrPh(19)-a1808.
> And gravity: see gravitational
radiation; photon phenomenology in quantum gravity.
> Related topics: see astronomy [interferometry];
number theory [use for factoring numbers]; temperature
[interferometric thermometer].
In Quantum Mechanics > s.a. classical limit;
decoherence and models [gravitational];
quantum information; Superposition Principle.
* Particles: Interference was first
observed with light, but it is not limited to light; In quantum theory any particle
can exhibit an interference pattern determined by the absolute square of its
wave function (Born rule); Experiments with electrons were first performed in 1961
by Claus Jönsson at the University of Tübingen.
* Non-classical paths: With two slits, the
three scenarios with one or two slits open at a time represent different sets of boundary
conditions, so the superposition principle is not exactly applicable; In a path-integral
approach the difference arises from non-classical paths, and can be tested in triple-slit
experiments.
@ With electrons:
Rodgers pw(02)sep [double slit];
Beau EJP(12) [path-integral approach];
Bach et al NJP(13)
+ news pw(13)mar [Feynman's version];
Marzlin & Lee PRA(14) [influence of Lorentz contraction];
Ariga et al a1808,
Giammarchi a1906-conf [antimatter, positrons].
@ General references: Schulman AJP(69)dec;
Braun & Georgeot PRA(06) [quantitative measure];
Sanz & Miret-Artés JPA(08)-a0806 [in terms of trajectories];
Silverman 08;
Camacho & Camacho-Galván RPP(07)-a0811 [testing fundamental physics];
Rave FP(08) [interpretation in terms of a phaselike quantity];
Chou et al PRL(09) [hydrodynamic view];
Sancho JPB(10)-a1003 [of indistinguishable particles];
Štefaňák PhD(10)-a1009 [in quantum information];
Grössing et al AP(12)-a1106 [classical trajectories plus zero-point fluctuations];
Davidović & Sanz EPN(14)-a1403 [complementarity and quantum foundations];
Tavernelli AP(18)-a1710 [self-interference and interpretations];
Vedral a2104 [local treatment, in quantum field theory];
> s.a. experiments;
many-worlds interpretation.
@ Welcher-Weg (which-way) experiment:
Ferrari & Braunecker AJP(10)aug;
Sen a1201.
@ Single particle: Frisch CP(65),
reprint CP(09);
Grangier et al EPL(86) [single photon];
Scarani & Suarez AJP(98)aug [rev];
Ferrari & Braunecker AJP(10)aug [and quantum erasure];
Rasel Phy(12) [free-space single-particle matter-wave interference];
news pw(13)mar [single-electron double-slit diffraction];
Rueckner & Peidle AJP(13)dec [single photon interferometer with which-path marker and quantum eraser];
Aspden et al AJP(16)sep-a1602 [video recording];
Blasiak a1701
[single-particle interference can be understood classically];
Kim & Ham a2104 [single photon self-interference].
@ Two-particle interference:
Horne et al PRL(89),
Nat(90)oct;
Sancho EPJD(14)-a1403 [two-particle, two-slit experiment];
Quach PRA(17)
+ news pt(17)apr [non-classical paths];
Widom et al PS(19)-a1811 [for photons, and zero-point energy];
Fernandez-Guasti, & García-Guerrero a2007 [distinguishable photon paths].
@ Afshar's version: Afshar in(05);
Drezet qp/05,
Steuernagel FP(07),
Kastner FP(09)-a0801 [and complementarity];
Flores SPIE(09)-a0803 [modified version],
FP(08)-a0802 [reply to comments];
Qureshi a1002 and
Kastner a1002;
Flores & De Tata FP(10);
> s.a. Complementarity.
@ Non-local interferometer: Kirby & Franson PRA(14)-a1310 [with entangled macroscopic coherent states];
Williams et al PRA(14)-a1408 [for entanglement detection].
@ Other versions: Gooding & Unruh PRD(14)-a1407
[self-gravitating interferometer, and intrinsic gravitational decoherence];
Garner et al PRS(17)-a1412 [other quantum theories and relativity of simultaneity];
Orlando et al ch(17)-a1610 [interference patterns and free fall];
Roura PRX(20)-a1810 [quantum-clock interferometry];
Howl & Fuentes a2103 [quantum frequency interferometry].
@ Related topics: Nitta & Kudo PRA(08) [time of arrival in double slit];
Sen a1201 [proposed experiment with atoms of noble gases];
Malvimat et al MNRAS(13)-a1304
[higher-order HBT correlations and intensity interferometry with more than two detectors];
Schmidt et al PRL(13)
[momentum transfer to a double slit, realization of Einstein-Bohr thought experiment];
Brodutch et al PRD(14)-a1412 [post-Newtonian gravitational effects];
news forbes(15)dec [solar-systems size "double-slit" experiment];
Bromley et al PRA(17)-a1610 [more than entanglement];
> s.a. particle statistics [many-particle interference];
pilot-wave phenomenology; quantum measurements
[weak measurements]; special-relativistic kinematics [twin paradox].
Multi-Path or Higher-Order Interference
> s.a. Born Rule.
* Idea: Born's rule predicts that
quantum interference, as shown by a double-slit diffraction experiment, occurs from
pairs of paths; A generalized version of quantum mechanics might allow multi-path,
i.e., higher-order interference; Sorkin has defined a hierarchy of possible
interference behaviours, where classical theory is at the first level and quantum
theory at the second level; Informally, the order in the hierarchy corresponds to the
number of paths that have an irreducible interaction in a multi-slit experiment; 2010,
The generalized types of interference are currently under experimental investigation.
@ General references: Henson PRL(15)-a1406 [and non-locality and contextuality];
Bolotin a1611;
Qureshi PRA(19)-a1905 [new wave-particle duality relation].
@ Triple-slit, theory: Ududec et al FP(11)-a0909 [and structure of quantum theory];
Kobayashi et al PRA(10)-a0911 [and geometric phase for photon];
Niestegge AMP(12)-a0912 [Sorkin's third-order interference term];
Niestegge FP(13)-a1104 [and Tsirelson's bound];
De Raedt et al PRA(12)-a1112 [analysis of multipath interference];
Siddiqui & Qureshi PTEP(15)-a1405 [duality relation];
Sawant et al PRL(14)-a1408
+ focus Phy(14)
+ news pw(14)sep [role of non-classical paths];
Skagerstam a1807;
> s.a. pilot-wave interpretation.
@ Triple-slit, experiment: Sinha et al Sci(10)jul-a1007
+ news pw(10)jul [ruling out third and higher-order interference];
Magaña-Loaiza et al nComm(16) [three-slit photon interference];
Agne et al PRL(17)-a1609 [observation of genuine three-photon interference];
Sewell Phy(17),
news pw(17)apr [demonstration by two independent groups];
Cotter et al SciAdv(17)aug
+ news sa(17)aug [with large molecules].
@ N-fold interference:
Jönsson FdP(61) [multiple-slit electron interference];
Sbitnev a1001 [and Bohmian trajectories];
Kauten et al NJP(17)-a1508 [five-path interferometer];
Bagan et al PRL(16)-a1509 [coherence and path-information];
Lee & Selby NJP(16)-a1604 [no computational speed-up over quantum theory];
Walschaers JPB(20)-a1908 [pedagogical];
Rozema et al PRA(21)-a2003 [from non-linear interactions].
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