Photons| Photons |
In General
> s.a. electromagnetism; history of quantum physics;
light; photon phenomenology [propagation and effects];
Wavelets.
* History:
Introduced by Planck; Used by Einstein to explain the photoelectric
effect; Called "light quantum" by Einstein and then others until Gilbert
N Lewis introduced the name "photon" in a 1926 letter to Nature
(although it was for a different concept).
* Evidence: Compton effect;
Photoelectric effect (although photons are not necessary if one uses the
quantum theory of electrons); More direct evidence is the fact that atoms
recoil when emitting radiation, and they are required for accurate descriptions
of certain processes involving fluctuations in the electromagnetic field.
* Mass bounds:
1975, mphoton <
6 × 10−16 eV/c2,
from Jupiter's B field; 1989, mphoton <
6 × 10−16 eV/c2
≈ 4 × 10−51 kg, from Earth's B;
1994, mphoton <
3 × 10−27 eV/c2
[?]; 1998, mphoton <
7 × 10−17 eV/c2,
from the Cavendish balance; Bounds are also obtained from timing of GRB pulses;
2012, mphoton <
4 × 10−20 eV/c2
from black-hole superradiance instability.
@ General references: Kragh a1401 [origin of the name];
Rodrigues a1701 [and the Maxwell equations];
Scully & Sargent PT(72)mar [hist, concept].
@ Mass, observation:
Goldhaber & Nieto RMP(71),
RMP(10)-a0809;
Montanet et PDG PRD(94);
Schaefer PRL(99)ap/98
+ pn(98)mar [GRBs];
Neyenhuis et al PRL(07)
[proposed interferometer experiment sensitive down to 9 × 10−50 g];
Accioly et al PLA(10) [VLBI];
Hojman & Koch a1209;
Qian SCPMA(12)-a1406 [using strong gravitational lensing data];
Wu et al ApJL(16)-a1602,
Bonetti et al PLB(16)-a1602,
PLB(17)-a1701 [constraints from fast radio bursts];
Zhang et al JHEA-a1607 [using GRBs];
Wei et al RAA(17)-a1608 [radio pulsars in LMC and SMC];
Yang & Zhang ApJ(17)-a1701 [from pulsar spindown].
@ Mass, theory: Prokopec et al PRL(02) [generation in inflation];
Accioly & Paszko PRD(04) [bound from light deflection];
Pal PhyTea(05)phy/06 [history];
Sidharth FPL(06);
Cafaro et al AHEP(07)ht [and magnetic monopoles];
Spavieri & Gillies G&C(10)-a1005 [electromagnetic momentum and speed of light in moving media];
Fonseca & Vargas-Paredes BJP(10)-a1005;
Accioly et al CQG(10),
PRD(10)-a1012 [bounds];
Pani et al PRL(12)-a1209 [bound from instabilities around rotating black holes];
Diamantini et al JPA(14) [induced by vortex gauge interactions];
> s.a. emergent gravity; modified electromagnetism;
photon phenomenology [effective mass].
@ Other properties: Altschul PRL(07)
+ pw(07)jul,
APP(08)-a0711 [upper bound of 10−32e or less
on electric charge, 10−24e·cm on magnetic moment];
Devenish NPPS(08) [structure functions, overview];
Hankins et al AJP(13)jun [experiment on charge upper bound];
Heeck PRL(13)
+ news pw(13)jul [lifetime bound];
Mielniczuk et al a1702 [anomalous magnetic moment];
> s.a. gravitating matter [gravitational field].
@ Classical description: Barut PLA(90) [model];
Marshall & Santos qp/97;
Simon et al qp/97 [photon-number distribution];
> s.a. gas.
> Related particles:
see Notoph; Paraphoton;
photon phenomenology [dark photon].
Photon States > s.a. maxwell's equations.
@ Wave function: Inagaki PRA(98);
Zalesny IJTP(04) [Białynicki-Birula wave function];
Białynicki-Birula qp/05-in [rev];
Raymer & Smith qp/06-conf;
Lapaire & Sipe qp/06 [and interference];
Tamburini & Vicino PRA(08)-a0807 [covariant, and QED];
Bradler a0910 [Lorentz-invariant wave packets];
Mohr AP(10);
Babaei & Mostafazadeh JMP(17)-a1608 [Hilbert space];
Kiessling & Tahvildar-Zadeh JMP(18)-a1801 [Dirac-type equation];
Wawrzycki APPB(16)-a1810;
Białynicki-Birula & Białynicka-Birula a1912.
@ Wigner function:
Bertet et al PRL(02) [measurement, single-photon state];
Przanowski et al FdP(21)-a2006.
@ Single photon states: Pfleegor & Mandel PR(67) [from 2 lasers];
Adlard et al PRL(97);
Lvovsky et al PRL(01)qp;
Grangier & Abram pw(03)feb;
Oxborrow & Sinclair CP(05) [sources];
news pn(08)mar [shortest one, 65 fs];
Ipp et al PRL(09) [yoctosecond, GeV-scale pulses];
Stobińska et al AQC-a1002 [interaction with single atom];
Sangouard & Zbinden JMO(12)-a1202 [uses];
Afzenius et al PT(15)dec
[using atoms to store the quantum state of a photon];
Kobakhidze a1604 [wave function, in Krein space];
Driessen a1707 [non-locality and non-temporality];
Baskal et al a1711-conf [spin states and helicities];
Hoffmann a1804 [probability amplitudes];
Hoffmann a2005 [no point-localized states].
@ N-photon states:
Bertet et al PRL(02) [2-photon];
Brown et al PRA(03)qp/02;
Czachor PLA(03)qp/02;
Ou PRA(06)qp [temporal distribution];
Hawton qp/06 [1- and 2-photon states];
Gleyzes et al Nat(07)qp/06 [observing quantum jumps];
Wu et al PLA(12)
[coherent superposition of localized and delocalized phases];
Ilyin OP(15)-a1406 [photon statistics and bunching effect; generalized binomial distribution];
Leff AJP(15)apr
[particle-number fluctuations and compressibility];
> s.a. fock space.
@ Photon-added and subtracted states:
Walschaers et al PRA(17)-a1708 [phenomenology];
Malpani et al AdP(19)-a1904 [quantum phase properties].
@ Other states: Wiseman & Vaccaro PRA(02)qp/99,
PRA(02)qp/01 [stationary laser states];
Asbóth et al PRL(05)qp/04;
Bendjaballah PRA(06);
Zavatta et al PRA(08)-a0803 [cavity-enhanced generation];
VanValkenburgh JMP(09) [semiclassical];
Park et al NJP(10)
[experimental scheme to verify the photon commutation relations];
Pathak & Banerji PLA(14)-a1307 [non-classicality and decoherence of binomial states];
Coelho et al PRA(15)-a1502 [Gaussian character];
> s.a. QED; Squeezed States.
Other Quantum Aspects > s.a. QED and modified QED;
particle statistics; photon phenomenology;
quantum optics; types of coherent states.
* de Broglie relation: The relationship between
momentum and wavelength or wave vector, p = ħk.
* Twisted light: A technique used
to increase the amount of information carried per photon; It involves encoding
2.05 bits per photon by using the orbital angular momentum of light instead of
the more commonly used polarization, which only allows one bit per photon.
@ General references: Einstein AdP(05)
[Rigden pw(05)apr];
Scully & Sargent PT(72)mar;
Clauser PRD(74) [experiment];
Walls Nat(79)aug [evidence];
Strnad AJP(86)jul;
news Nat(96)apr,
Sci(96)apr;
Leonhardt 97;
Kolobov RMP(99);
Loudon 00;
Paris PLA(01) [verification];
Greenberger et al in(07)-a0712 [Planck, photon statistics, etc];
Mayer a1207 [special relativity and E = hf];
Degiorgio AJP(13)oct [correlations];
Honegger & Rieckers 15 [3 vv];
Parisio a1905 [deformed de Broglie relation].
@ Against photons as physical objects: Marshall qp/02,
Rashkovskiy QS:MF(16)-a1507 [electromagnetic waves are classical].
@ Detection: Keyes & Kingston PT(72)mar;
Silberhorn CP(07);
Hawton PRA(13)-a1304 [by inertial and accelerated detectors];
Reiserer et al Sci(13)nov-a1311 [non-destructive];
Lebedev a1401 [and photon localization];
Biswas & van Enk a2007 [full Hamiltonian description].
@ Descriptions: Leonhardt 97 [states];
Dvoeglazov in(97)phy [various],
PS(01) [compositeness?];
Kastner EJTP-a1312 [relationship between virtual and real photons];
Li & Zhang a1803 [intrinsic degree of freedom];
> s.a. particle models.
@ Past of photons:
Danan et al PRL(13)
+ Lundeen Phy(13)
[past of photons passing through an interferometer];
Sokolovski a1607,
comment Vaidman a1703,
reply a1704.
@ Anderson localization: Wiersma et al Nat(97)dec
+ pn(98)jan;
Malfliet PLA(00) [continuum version];
Kaiser JMO(09)-a1003.
@ Other localization:
Tan et al PRL(91) [non-locality];
Chiao et al SA(93)aug;
Hardy PRL(94);
Dotson FP(95);
Home & Agarwal PLA(95);
Brooke & Schroeck JMP(96) [covariant phase space localization operator];
Keller PRP(05);
Hawton PS(12)-a1109 [in spacetime];
Ojima & Saigo a1507;
> s.a. quantum locality.
@ And information theory: focus Phy(12) [encoding and detecting information in the shape of the wave function];
Rohde et al PRA(13) [information capacity];
news pw(15)mar [twisted light];
> s.a. quantum information.
@ Spin and angular momentum: Tamburini et al a1201 [upper and lower physical limits to the determination of the orbital angular momentum];
Sun a1407,
Leader PLB(16)-a1510 [orbital and spin part of the angular momentum operator];
Yang et al a2004 [expressions for operators];
Aghapour et al a2012.
@ Other quantum mechanics: Peres AJP(84)jul,
FP(84);
Paul RMP(86);
Hawton PRA(99),
& Baylis PRA(01) [position operator];
Li a1601 [role of transversality condition];
Hawton PRA(19)-a1902 [covariant quantum theory];
Dobrski et al a2104 [position operator].
@ QED, photon propagator: Esposito mp/05-conf;
Lowdon PRD(17)-a1702 [non-perturbative structure].
@ Photons with half-integer spin:
news pw(16)may;
Parthasarathy & Viswanathan a1605 [as q-fermions].
@ Related topics: Ghose et al PLA(01) [Bohmian trajectories];
Ligare & Oliveri AJP(02)jan [visualization];
Hawton PRA(08) [Lorentz-invariant photon number density];
Dubin et al nPhys(10)-a1002 [quantum-to-classical transition];
Pesci a1108 [minimum wavelength];
> s.a. bose-einstein condensation; graviton.
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