Experimental Particle Physics| Experimental Particle Physics |
In General > s.a. particle physics;
XX-century physics [institutions, labs].
* 2001: Five centers
operating in the front line, CERN, DESY, Fermilab, Stanford, and KEK; Main
goals are search for the Higgs boson, super particles, and a detailed study
of quark and lepton properties; The Tevatron (Fermilab, 1+1 TeV) and LHC
(under construction at CERN, completion expected in 2006) will search for
the Higgs boson; LC (international, probably at Fermilab) proposed for
detailed study of decay modes; B-factories (Stanford and KEK) will probe
the difference between matter and antimatter in greater detail; Under
consideration are a VLHC, a muon storage ring, and a neutrino factory.
* 2012: The LHC (with upgrades)
will keep studying Higgs physics; The Tevatron shut down; The next machines may
include the ILC, muon collider and/or LEP3.
* 2015: An upgrade to the
Continuous Beam Electron Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), used primarily to probe
the internal structure of protons and neutrons, is being completed; The Facility
for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is being built and should be completed by 2020,
and will generate exotic nuclei and study their structure; RHIC should run for
another several years; US physicists push for electron-proton or heavy nuclei
collider, and new neutrino experiment to find out if the neutrino is a Majorana particle.
* 2019: Progress in plasma wakefield acceleration.
@ References: Fernow 86;
Perkins 00;
Bettoni et al PRP(06) [future];
Cahn & Goldhaber 09;
news NYT(11)jan,
bbc(11)sep [Tevatron closing];
Boyarkin 07,
11;
Franklin 13 [XX century];
news at(14)mar [beyond the LHC];
news sci(15)oct [recommendations];
Kane PT(19)mar [the case for a new collider].
> Online resources:
see Interactions.org website.
Accelerator Physics > s.a. black-hole
formation; QCD phenomenology [RHIC];
string phenomenology.
* Idea: Accelerate particles
to high energies and make them collide, so properties of their interactions
(mainly electroweak and strong) can be obtained from the cross sections for
scattering and production of new types of particles; The main types are
electron-positron and proton colliders.
* History: Up to the 1970s,
elastic scattering experiments were thought to be the best to probe nuclear
structure (inelastic ones were considered too messy), but deep inelastic
scattering proved more effective (nuclei have no massive core like atoms),
and led to Bjorken and Feynman's studies, scaling, partons, and the connection
to previously proposed quarks.
- 1996: m-long laser accelerators for
electrons up to MeVs (D Umstadter et al, PRL); Energy up to GeVs expected soon.
* Major steps and accelerators:
Cyclotron, phase stability (relativistic change in mass); strong focussing
(BNL: reduced size), storage rings (ISR), superconducting magnets.
- LEP: 50+50 GeV
e+e−
data from 1989 (Z resonance, × 107 seen);
70+70 GeV e+e−
from 1995 (expect perhaps supersymmetric particles); 98+98 GeV expected in 1998
with SC magnets; Shut down in 2000 for LHC construction.
- SLC: Taking data from 1989.
- SSC (Superconducting Supercollider):
20 × 20 TeV pp, cost 3–6 × 109 USD,
82.9 km circumference; Approved by Reagan (01.1987); Site selected Waxahachie,
Texas; Killed by congress (data were expected by 1994-1996).
- FEL γ-ray
beam: Intense, collimated, monoenergetic 122 MeV γs
[@ Litvinenko et al PRL(97)].
* LHC: A ring 27 km in circumference
that uses the same tunnel as LEP, but Ecm
= 14 TeV; 2006, Data taking expected by 2007; 2007, Switch-on in May 2008; 2008,
Switched on, but shut down in September because of magnet quench; 2009, LHC to restart
in November at half its design energy; Mar-Apr 2010, ECM
= 7 TeV achieved, operation started; 2012, ECM
increased to 8 TeV, with higher luminosity; 2016, proton collisions at 13 TeV.
* Muon collider project:
Feasibility studied (09.1996); Advantage is smaller size than
e+e−,
better use of energy (TeV) than p+p-bar; μs
live little but enough; Production and cooling to be studied.
* LEP3: 2012, A proposed accelerator
placed alongside the LHC in the same tunnel (previously used by LEP), which would
collide electrons and positrons.
* Magnets: Use dipoles for beam
bending, quadrupoles for focussing (in one plane each).
* For neutral atoms:
2001, 1-cm radius "Nevatron" storage ring built; Atoms move at
about 1 m/s, their dipole moments pulled by magnetic fields; Could be used
for atom optics, as part of a quantum computer, or as a very sensitive gyroscope
[@ Sauer et al PRL(01)].
@ General references: Myers & Picasso SA(90)jul [LEP];
Riordan HSPBS(01) [SSC];
Berkelman 04 [CESR/CLEO];
Hinchliffe & Battaglia PT(04)sep [TeV linear collider];
Telnov APPB(06)phy-conf [photon colliders];
Joshi SA(06)feb [plasma accelerators];
Domondon SHPSA(09) [demise of SSC in epistemological terms];
Lach a1007-conf [1990s accelerators];
Jayakumar 12 [and hep, history];
Hamm & Hamm PT(11)jun [uses of accelerator beams in industry];
Grannis & Jenni PT(13)jun [hadron-collider experiments];
Barish & Brau IJMPA(13) [International Linear Collider design];
Amaldi 15 [history];
Shiltsev PT(20)apr.
@ News:
pw(07)feb [International Linear Collider proposal];
news sci(11)apr,
nyt(11)apr,
Aaltonen PRL(11),
disc(11)jun,
bbc(11)jun,
wired(11)jun,
cbs(11)jun
[Fermilab CDF physicists see something weird; cross-checks by D0 fail to confirm the observation];
wired(11)sep [interview with David Britton on future];
ntd(12)jan [Chi-b(3P) discovery];
symm(12)jan [Fermilab's long-term plans];
Phy(12)jul
[CMS discovery of the Ξb*0];
news hp(14)jul [a future without accelerators?];
pw(16)jan [Fabiola Gianotti becomes the 15th CERN director-general];
wired(16)mar [a bump in the data? (no)];
thewire(16)oct [there can be hidden physics in old data];
sa(17)apr [the latest LHC data anomaly];
pt(18)dec [China's plans for 100-km CEPC];
Phys(20)jul
[CERN Council prioritizes 100-km circumference collider];
> s.a. standard model [phenomenology].
@ Accelerator physics:
Wilson 01 [r PT(02)aug];
Wiedemann 04;
Sessler & Wilson 07 [history];
Conte & MacKay 08 [r CP(11)];
Carter CP(11) [intro];
Barletta AJP(12)feb [future, RL];
news ps(12)oct [future];
Shiltsev ch-a1307 [the first colliders];
news sci(16)mar [SuperKEKB stores electrons];
news sn(19)jan [proposals];
news pt(19)feb [100 TeV circular hadron collider at CERN?];
Panoutsopoulos a1907 [Future Circular Collider at CERN];
Lee 19.
@ Heavy-ion physics:
Ludlam & McLerran PT(03)oct,
Riordan & Zajc SA(06)may [RHIC];
Bartke 08.
@ Muon collider:
Sessler PT(98)mar [gamma and muon colliders];
news nat(09)nov;
Shiltsev MPLA(10) [status of R&D, timeline];
news sn(20)feb [cooling].
@ New technology: CERN courier(96)jan/feb,
news pn(96)mar,
Scandale MPLA(12) [beam deflection by crystal];
Breuer & Hommelhoff PRL(13) [laser-based acceleration];
news pw(13)oct [glass etched with tiny gratings];
news sd(14)may [laser-plasma accelerators];
Muggli Phys(19) [metamaterials for higher accelerating gradients];
Giudice a1902 [future high-energy colliders];
Grüner Phy(19) [plasma wakefield acceleration].
@ Catastrophes? Kent hp/00,
RA(04)hp/00 ["killer strangelet"].
@ LHC: Smith SA(00)jul;
Maiani IJMPA(04),
Rodgers pw(04)sep,
news pw(06)jun,
news pw(06)oct,
Chalmers pw(06)oct,
Parker pw(06)oct,
news pw(07)jun,
pw(07)jun,
PT(07)sep [status];
Litim & Plehn PRL(08) [gravitational fixed points];
Collins SA(08)feb;
Castelvecchi SA(09)apr [new approach to data analysis];
Evans ed-09;
Lincoln 09 [I];
news BBC(09)nov [first collisions];
news NYT(09)dec [1.2 TeV achieved];
Mangano CP(10) [upgrade plans];
Ellis IJMPA(10) [prospects for new physics];
synopsis Phy(10) [background events];
news pw(10)nov [first ZZ event seen];
news popsci(10)nov,
sn(11)apr [prospects];
Herten MPLA(11)-a1104 [first-year overview];
Giudice PiP(12)-a1106 [and Big Science];
news AT(12)feb [energy and luminosity increases];
Morrissey et al PRP(12) [new physics];
news ro(13)jul [new superconducting quadrupole magnet to increase LHC luminosity];
Myers IJMPA(13) [rev];
news sci(15)feb,
bbc(15)mar [the current upgrade];
Florio et al a1507 [cost-benefit analysis to 2025];
news npr(16)apr [weasel-caused shutdown];
Mangano CERN-a2003 [overview of results].
> What would happen if you stuck your hand inside a particle accelerator?
Sixty Symbols video.
Non-Accelerator Physics > s.a. cosmic rays;
dark matter; neutrinos.
* Areas: Study proton decay,
solar neutrinos, cosmic rays, dark matter, search for fractional charges.
@ Neutrinos:
Halzen hx/96-proc [AMANDA detector];
Detwiler et al PRL(02)hx [from nuclear vessels].
@ Fractional charges:
Perl & Lee AJP(97)aug;
Loomba et al RSI(00);
Sbarra et al ap/03-conf;
Perl et al MPLA(04) [rev].
@ Related topics: Bethlem et al PRL(99)
+ pn(99)aug [neutral particle decelerators];
volume NPPS(07)166 [in space];
Battista CP(14) [single-particle sources].
Related Topics and Specific Concepts
> s.a. history of physics.
@ Detectors: Kleinknecht 99;
Grupen & Shwartz 11;
> s.a. radiation [interaction with matter].
@ And cosmology: Schramm SA(88)jun;
Feng CQG(08)-a0801-conf [LHC].
@ Technological consequences: news NS(90)feb10, p43;
> s.a. areas of physics [applications].
@ Sociological and cultural aspects:
Pickering & Trower Nat(85)nov;
Traweek 88;
Staley 04 [evidence for top quark];
Hawking & Kane a1804 [China and the Great Collider].
> Specific experiments:
see CPT; particle types.
> Specific topics: see anomalous acceleration;
Luminosity; monopoles.
main page
– abbreviations
– journals – comments
– other sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 6 jul 2020