In General > s.a. astrophysics.
* Idea: Particles of
astrophysical (including the Sun and galactic sources) and cosmological origin
arriving on Earth.
* History: 1912, First
seen by Viktor Hess in a 5-km-high balloon flight; Named by Millikan; 1938,
P Auger saw coincidences over distances > 1 km; Important for hep up
to the 1950s, then accelerator data dominated; 1960s, E > 1020 eV
event detected by J Linsley; 1966, GZK prediction of 5 × 1019 eV
cutoff; 1980s, renaissance in the form of search
for he photons
from pointlike astronomical sources (apparently up to 103 TeV!),
in the hope of getting undisturbed information on the source.
* Rates: At the surface
we get about 1 muon/cm2/min; For primaries, the energy ranges from 1019 to
1019 eV,
with a spectrum that drops
sharply with E; We get about 1 event/m2/s
at 1011 eV,
1 event/m2/yr at 1016 eV
(the "knee"),
and 1 event/m2/cy at 1019 eV
(the "ankle").
* Primary source: 1990,
Not yet exactly known; Probably multiple origin, with lower energy (< 1015 eV)
electrons
and ions accelerated by supernova shocks in our galaxy, and more energetic
ones
extragalactic; 1995, First evidence
of cosmic rays
from supernova [@ Koyama et al Nat(95)nov];
2007, High-energy cosmic rays originate in AGNs (probably accelerated by a
stochastic process of multiple bounces off moving clouds carrying magnetic
fields).
@ I: Ramaty et al PT(98)apr, ThSc(99)nov;
Friedlander 00.
@ Intros, reviews: Ginzburg SPU(96); Baring ap/99-in;
Dar et al ap/99/PRL
[origin]; Ellis ap/00-in
[and HEP]; Biermann & Sigl
LNP(01)ap/02 [intro];
Moskalenko
ap/04-in
[propagation]; Hoerandel ap/05-in
[measurements]; Parizot ap/05-in
[whole spectrum]; Ferrari & Szuszkiewicz ap/06;
Dar ap/06-in
[origin] Hillas ap/06-in;
De Rújula a0711-ln;
Sommers & Westerhoff NJP-a0802;
Gelmini a0903-in;
issue NPPS(09)190.
@ General theory: Dar & De Rújula PRP(08) [single theory of non-solar
cosmic rays].
@ From supernovae: Dar NCB(04)ap/04 [bipolar
jets]; Berezhko & Voelk ApJL-a0704
[remnants]; Tatischeff a0804-in.
@ Sources, spectra: Dar & De Rújula PRP(08)hp/06 [single
type of extrasolar source]; Mollerach a0902-in
[anisotropy]; Abdo et FLAT PRL(09)
+ Winstein & Zurek Phy(09)
[e+-e– spectrum,
20 Gev–1 keV]; Abraham et PA a0907-in
[spectrum], a0907-in [sources]; > s.a. high-energy
cosmic
rays [acceleration].
> Related topics: see astrophysical
neutrinos; magnetism [particle
acceleration]; matter phenomenology in quantum
gravity; spacetime foam.
Specific Topics > s.a. statistics [non-extensive]; ultra-high
energy cosmic rays.
* Anomalous cosmic rays: Accelerated
at the termination shock, where the solar wind meets
interstellar space.
* Composition: At a
given energy, the ratio of protons to antiprotons is more than 10,000 to
1 (numbers are consistent
with the levels of antiprotons expected from collisions between high-energy
protons in cosmic rays and the nuclei of hydrogen and helium atoms in the
interstellar medium), and electrons 100 to 1000 times less abundant than
protons.
* Spectrum: The
observed energy spectrum of cosmic rays on earth is not the source spectrum
of these particles.
@ Spectrum, Tsallis statistics: Beck PhyA(04);
Wlodarczyk & Wilk a0706-in
[thermal sources].
@ Propagation in Milky Way galaxy: Erlykin et al APP(03)ap/02 [and
ISM]; Strong et al ARNPS(07)ap;
Huang & Pohl a0706-in
[Monte Carlo].
@ Effects on Earth: Dar et al PRL(98)
[life extinctions?]; Shaviv PRL(02)
[climate and spiral-arm crossings]; Harrison & Stephenson PRA(06)
[on clouds]; Melott et al a0804/PRD
[atmospheric chemistry]; > s.a. earth [lightning].
@ Galactic vs extragalactic: Allard et al APP(07)ap/05;
Aloisio et al PRD(08).
@ Positron and electron excess: Blasi PRL(09)-a0903;
Bergström et al a0905 [dark-matter
interpretation]; Pato et al a0905;
Schubnell a0905-in;
Grasso et al APP-a0905 [possible
interpretations]; Cowsik & Burch a0906-in
[nested-leaky-box model]; Sau et al HJ-a0906;
Biermann et al PRL(09)
[electrons and positrons from supernovae]; Shaviv PRL(09) [inhomogeneity of sources].
@ Composition: Kampert ap/02-in
[chemistry]; Adriani et al PRL(09)
+ Swordy Phy(09)
[antiprotons]; Abraham et Pierre Auger a0906-in.
@ Other topics: Catanese ap/99-in
[Cerenkov]; Zweibel ApJ(03)ap/02 [B fields];
Lipari ap/03-in
[and high-energy physics]; Fields & Prodanovic ApJ(05)ap/04 [history,
from 6Li]; Alberghi et al PLB(04)
[de Sitter vacua]; Kopenkin & Fujimoto PRD(06)
[explanation of Centauro events].
> Special types: see astronomical objects [strangelets]; gamma
rays.
Experiments and Other Phenomena > s.a. astronomy;
astrophysical neutrinos; experimental
projects [Pierre Auger].
* Projects: 2004, Auger
project starts operating with a portion of its 1600 detectors, an array of
water detectors to measure showers with E > 1019 eV;
2007, Auger
project scheduled for completion;
Extreme Universe Space Observatory in 2008?
@ Air showers: Anchordoqui et al AP(04)hp;
Werner et al ap/04-in;
Fargion ap/05-in
[horizontal showers]; Dova ap/05-in;
Drescher & Farrar APP(05)ap [AGASA];
Ahn & Cavaglià PRD(06)
[black hole showers, simulations].
@ Balloon-borne: Cherry ap/05-in
[towards higher E].
@ Other projects: Enqvist et al JPCS-ap/05
[EMMA]; Casolino et Pamela a0810-in, a0904-in
[Pamela satellite experiment].
@ Other topics: Abbasi et Fly's Eye PRL(04)
[observed flux]; Parker SA(03)mar [danger for space
travelers]; Abdo et Milagro PRL(08) + Kampert Phy(08) [localized excess fluxes
at 10 TeV].
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send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified
6 oct 2009