Cosmic
Rays| Cosmic
Rays |
In General > s.a. astrophysics.
* Idea: Particles of
astrophysical (including the Sun and galactic sources) and cosmological origin
arriving on Earth.
* History: 1912, First
seen by Viktor Hess in a 5-km high balloon flight; Named by Millikan; 1938,
P Auger saw coincidences over distances > 1 km; Important for hep up
to the 1950's, then accelerator data dominated; 1960's, E > 1020 eV
event detected by J Linsley; 1966, GZK prediction of 5 × 1019 eV
cutoff; 1980's, renaissance in the form of search
for he photons
from pointlike astronomical sources (apparently up to 103 TeV!),
in the hope of getting undisturbed info on the source.
* Rates: At the surface
we get about 1 muon/cm2/min; For primaries, the energy ranges from 1019 to
1019 eV,
with a spectrum that drops
sharply with E; We get about 1 event/m2/s
at 1011 eV,
1 event/m2/yr at 1016 eV
(the "knee"),
and 1 event/m2/cy at 1019 eV
(the "ankle").
* Primary source: 1990,
Not yet exactly known; Probably multiple origin, with lower energy (< 1015 eV) e's
and ions accelerated by supernova shocks in our galaxy, and more energetic
ones
extragalactic; 1995, First evidence
of cosmic rays
from supernova [@ Koyama et al Nat(95)nov];
2007, High-energy cosmic rays originate in AGN's (probably accelerated by a
stochastic process of multiple bounces off moving clouds carrying magnetic
fields).
@ I: Ramaty et al PT(98)apr, ThSc(99); Friedlander 00.
@ Intros, reviews: Ginzburg SPU(96); Baring ap/99-in;
Dar et al ap/99/PRL
[origin]; Ellis ap/00-in
[and HEP]; Biermann & Sigl
LNP(01)ap/02 [intro];
Moskalenko
ap/04-in
[propagation]; Hoerandel ap/05-in
[measurements]; Parizot ap/05-in
[whole spectrum]; Ferrari & Szuszkiewicz ap/06;
Dar ap/06-in
[origin] Hillas ap/06-in;
De Rújula a0711-ln;
Sommers & Westerhoff a0802-NJP.
@ From supernovae: Dar ap/04-in
[bipolar jets]; Berezhko & Voelk a0704-ApJL
[remnants]; Tatischeff a0804-in.
@ Sources, spectra: Dar & De Rújula hp/06 [single
type of extrasolar source].
> Related topics: see astrophysical
neutrinos; magnetism [particle
acceleration]; matter phenomenology in quantum
gravity.
Specific Topics > s.a. statistics [non-extensive]; ultra-high
energy cosmic rays.
* Anomalous cosmic rays: Accelerated
at the termination shock, where the solar wind meets
interstellar space.
@ Spectrum, Tsallis statistics: Beck PhyA(04);
Wlodarczyk & Wilk a0706-in
[thermal sources].
@ Propagation: Erlykin et al APP(03)ap/02 [in
ISM]; Strong et al ARNPS(07)ap
[in MW]; Huang & Pohl a0706-in
[in MW, Monte Carlo].
@ Effects on Earth: Dar et al PRL(98)
[life extinctions?]; Shaviv PRL(02)
[climate and spiral arm crossings]; Harrison & Stephenson PRA(06)
[on clouds]; > s.a. earth [lightning].
@ Galactic vs extragalactic: Allard et al APP(07)ap/05;
Aloisio et al PRD(08).
@ Other topics: Catanese ap/99-in
[Cerenkov]; Kampert ap/02-in
[chemistry]; Zweibel ApJ(03)ap/02 [B fields];
Lipari ap/03-in
[and hep]; Fields & Prodanovic ApJ(05)ap/04 [history,
from 6Li]; Alberghi et al PLB(04)
[dS vacua]; Kopenkin & Fujimoto PRD(06)
[explanation of Centauro events].
> Special types: see astronomical objects [strangelets]; gamma
rays.
Experiments and Other Phenomena > s.a. astronomy;
astrophysical neutrinos.
* Projects: 2004, Auger
project starts operating with a portion of its 1600 detectors, an array of
water detectors to measure showers with E > 1019 eV;
2007, Auger
project scheduled for completion;
Extreme Universe Space Observatory in 2008?
@ Air showers: Anchordoqui et al AP(04)hp;
Werner et al ap/04-in;
Fargion ap/05-in
[horizontal showers]; Dova ap/05-in;
Drescher & Farrar APP(05)ap [AGASA];
Ahn & Cavaglià PRD(06)
[black hole showers, simulations].
@ Pierre Auger: Anchordoqui et al PRD(03)hp;
Anchordoqui ap/04-in;
Kampert ap/05-in;
Van Elewyck ap/06-ln,
MPLA(08);
Nitz a0706-in [north
site]; Van Elewyck a0709-in;
Parizot et al a0709-in;
de
Mello a0712-in,
Matthiae a0802-in
[status
and results]; > s.a. ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
@ Balloon-borne: Cherry ap/05-in
[towards higher E].
@ Other projects: Enqvist et al ap/05-in
[EMMA].
@ Other topics: Abbasi et Fly's Eye PRL(04)
[observed flux]; Parker SA(03)mar [danger for space travelers].
Main page – Abbreviations – Journals – Comments – Other
sites – Acknowledgements
Send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – Modified
7 jul 2008