QCD
Phenomenology| QCD
Phenomenology |
In General > s.a. QCD [vacuum].
* Idea: The
main strength of QCD is its general structure; It has had many qualitative
confirmations but (few quantitative ones since few calculations can be analytically
done),
and reinforces the belief that elegance and uniqueness are criteria for truth;
2002, Numerical lattice simulations
are almost able to make new predictions.
* Experimental evidence:
(1) Results from deep inelastic scattering (in the 1960s at SLAC); (2) The
behavior of the ratio R of the hadronic
over the 
-pair
production in e+e–
annihilations; (3) J/
spectroscopy.
* Features: Fragmentation
and Jets; Monte Carlo simulation of interactions, using the Lund model.
* Force: Because of confinement, quark behavior can be modeled by
a growing potential, e.g., like a spring.
@ General references: Potvin AS(91); Dzierba
et al AS(00);
Wilczek hp/02-in,
AHP(03)phy/02;
Klempt & Zaitsev PRP(07)
[glueballs, hybrids, multiquarks]; Hayes AS(08) [numerical results].
@ Related topics: Lakhina & Swanson PLB(04)
[gluonic van der Waals force];
Chandrasekharan & Strouthos PRL(05)
[mean-field theory, failure for large N]; Cho et al ht/05 [effective
potential]; Sorella BJP(06)ht/05-in
[gluon dynamical mass]; Acharya ht/06 [mass
gap]; Haskell et al PRL(07)-a0708 [constraints
from LIGO]; Jaffe et al PRD(09)
+ Perez Phy(09)
[worlds with different quark
masses]; Munier PRP(09)
[high-energy scattering and statistical physics]; > s.a. Glueballs, hadrons [including
quarks], Pomeron.
Quark-Gluon Plasma
* Idea: A hypothetical
hot, dense soup of single quarks and gluons obtained at Tc 
100–200
MeV/nucleon, last believed to exist naturally in
the first millionth of a second after the Big Bang; Subsequently, as the
universe expanded and cooled, quarks assembled into mesons and baryons,
held together by gluons.
* 2000: Experiment at CERN claims to have produced it, but probably
premature.
* 2001: The four detector groups at RHIC (BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS,
and STAR) talk about indications.
* 2004: Many say that
Brookhaven's RHIC has "overwhelming" indications,
but lab refuses to officially announce.
* 2005: Brookhaven results
puzzling (events too explosive), and the consensus interpretation is that the
fireball is a (classical) liquid of strongly interacting quarks and gluons,
rather than a gas of weakly interacting quarks and gluons [@ news pn(05)apr].
* 2005: BNL's Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) produces more evidence for quark-gluon plasma [@
news pn(06)apr].
@ References: Collins & Reichert SA(00)mar
[news from CERN], Quercigh & Rafelski pw(00)oct;
Antonov PLB(02)ht [loop
space formulation]; Letessier & Rafelski 02; Yagi et al 06; Balakin a0710-in;
Davidson a0807 [as
ideal classical fluid, and early universe]; Shuryak PPNP(09)-a0807 [strongly
coupled]; Stephanov PRL(09)
+ Son Phy(09)
[critical point]; Braun-Munzinger & Wambach RMP(09)
[strongly interacting, phase diagram].
Confinement > s.a. Confinement;
Gribov Ambiguity; lattice
gauge theory; particle models; types
of yang-mills theories; unified theories.
* Idea: The conjecture
that all observable objects are gauge-singlet bound states of quarks and
gluons; A non-perturbative
feature of non-abelian gauge theories; Not well understood theoretically,
but seems to be dominated by an abelian sector; Can
be
treated in lattice theories; Phenomenologically, seems to be describable by the
addition of a |Fiab Fiab|1/2 term
to the
Lagrangian.
* Question: Is it related to spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry?
@ Reviews:
Fucito ht/97-in
[introduction]; Dittmann
et al NPPS(02)hl/01 [effective
theories]; Greensite
PPNP(03)hl [lattice];
Bruckmann a0710-in.
@ General references: Sniatycky & Schwartz RPMP(94)
[invariance argument]; Simonov SPU(96); Schaden & Rozenberg
PRD(98)
[covariant gauge]; Reinhardt
NPPS(99)ht/98 [as
dual Meißner effect];
Bali ht/98-in;
Cho PRD(00)ht/99;
Kondo & Taira MPLA(00)ht/99 [SU(3)],
PTP(00)ht/99 [SU(N)];
Chaichian & Kobayashi
PLB(00);
Chernodub et al PLB(00)hp;
Frønsdal LMP(01)
[as quantization problem];
Efimov TMP(04)
[and stability]; Gogokhia a0704;
Tomboulis a0707,
comment Ito & Seiler a0711,
a0803,
reply a0712 [4D
SU(2), proof].
@ Perturbative approach:
't Hooft ht/02-in; Dudal PLB(09)-a0905.
@ Phase transition: Langfeld ht/04-in;
Ejiri
et al PLB(06)
[hadronic fluctuations].
@ Related topics: Gaete & Guendelman PLB(04)
[Coulomb interaction and screening];
Chernodub JETPL(06)ht/05 [and
liquid crystal defects]; Greensite & Olejnik hl/06 [2+1,
from gauge invariance].
@ And new physics: Álvarez & Gómez JHEP(00)ht [and
strings];
Berman & Parikh
PLB(00)
[and AdS-cft].
Other Effects > s.a. dark
energy; gravitational-wave
background; instantons; matter
in quantum gravity; quantum phase
transitions.
* Strangelets: Hypothetical
stable or semi-stable particles which contain strange quarks; Theorists have
predicted that such entities could survive for
long periods inside neutron stars and might be produced in the heavy ion
collisions going on at the RHIC machine at Brookhaven; Shown not to lead
to dangerous runaway reactions.
@ Quark matter, strange quark nuggets: Dar et al PLB(99);
Jaffe et al RMP(00);
Madsen PRL(00);
Anderson et al ap/02 [and
seismic events]; Xiaoping et al NA(06)ap/03 [astrophysics];
Herrin et al PRD(06)ap/05 [seismic
search]; Alford et al Nat(07)ap/06 [in compact stars]; Madsen ap/06-in
[rev]; > s.a. Quark Stars.
@ Search for fractional charges: LaRue, Phillips & Fairbank PRL(81).
@ And nuclear physics: Schulte et al PRL(01)
+ pn(01)aug
[e's
on d]; Beane PRA(04)
[rev].
@ Particle propagation: Guhr et al PRL(00)
[as disordered system]; Dietrich
PRD(05)
[gluons in non-trivial backgrounds].
@ High-density / condensed-matter phase: Rajagopal & Shuster PRD(00)hp;
Rajagopal & Wilczek
hp/00-in,
PRL(01)hp/00;
Yamamoto & Kanazawa PRL(09) [finite volume].
@ Related topics: Gasser et al PRP(08)
[hadronic atoms]; > s.a. Quarkonium; theta
sectors; thermodynamical systems; Zweig
Rule.
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send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 29
sep
2009