Black-Hole Formation  

In General > s.a. censorship; numerical simulations.
* Idea: If not primordial, black holes form mainly by (i) Gravitational collapse of massive objects (e.g., stars, cores of dense star clusters or galaxies), (ii) High density fluctuations in the early universe, or (iii) Possibly high-energy processes, such as in accelerator or cosmic ray collisions.
* And observation: Results show that, just like matter accreting onto a black hole is never actually seen to cross the horizon because to an outside observer it would appear to take an infinite time to do so, collapsing matter would also never be seen to form an event horizon.
@ General references: Christodoulou a0805 [general results, no small-data or symmetry assumptions].
@ Theory of growth: Ashtekar gq/03-in [fluxes].
@ And radiation: Mazur MPLA(89)gq/97; Fredenhagen & Haag CMP(90); Liberati et al PRD(00)gq [extremal Reissner-Nordström].

In Astrophysics > s.a. black-hole phenomenology; gravitational collapse [including Hoop conjecture].
* Stellar collapse: Can lead to a black hole for 2 MSun< M < 100 MSun, since for M < 2 MSun it stops at the neutron star stage, and heavier stars do not exist (unstable); Black holes are more likely to form from stars with low abundances of heavy elements, since high abundances are likely to give supernova explosions with large losses of mass.
@ Stellar collapse: Hartle in(73); Burrows PT(87)sep; Zampieri et al ApJ(98)ap; Fryer ApJ(99)ap [simulations, various M's]; Ruffini et al PLB(03)ap [plasma and charge].
@ Accretion: Lynden-Bell Nat(69)aug; Chakrabarti PRP(96); Park & Ostriker ap/98-in; Blandford ap/99-in; Paczynski ap/00/ApJL.
@ Binary systems: Alvi & Liu GRG(02)gq/01 [tidally induced].
@ Microscopic: Barrau et al ApJ(05)ap [and TeV-scale gravity].
@ From cosmic strings: Hawking PLB(89) [collapse]; Hawking & Ross PRL(95)gq [breaking]; Russo JPA(07) [collision].
@ Other origin: Kuhfittig SRE(08)-a0812 [from wormholes].
> Related topics: see dark matter phenomenology [supermassive black holes].

Quantum Description > s.a. gravitational collapse [including semiclassical]; quantum cosmology; quantum-gravity phenomenology.
@ References: Thirring PLB(83); Daghigh et al CQG(07)gq/06 [real scalar field collapse].

TeV-Scale Quantum Gravity / Brane World HEP > s.a. cosmic rays.
* 2001: Suggestions that black holes can be formed in the TeV realm of the LHC, or by cosmic rays.
* 2006: Suggestion that black holes will not be formed in high numbers, otherwise we would have seen p decay.
* 2009: Numerical simulations by Choptuik & Pretorius support idea of black-hole formation in collisions.
@ HEP interactions: Dar et al PLB(99) [strangelets]; Dimopoulos & Landsberg PRL(01)hp; Landsberg PRL(02)hp/01; Giddings & Thomas PRD(02)hp/01; Casadio & Harms IJMPA(02)ht/01; Voloshin PLB(01) [semiclassical suppression]; Eardley & Giddings PRD(02)gq; Giddings ht/02-in, GRG(02)ht; Solodukhin PLB(02)hp [cross sections]; Ida et al PRD(03)ht/02, PRD(05) [rotating]; Yoshino & Nambu PRD(03)ht/02 [grazing collisions]; Cavaglià IJMPA(03)hp/02 [rev]; Ahn et al APP(05)hp/03 [air showers]; Anchordoqui et al PLB(04)hp/03 [inelasticity]; Kanti IJMPA(04)hp [rev]; Giddings & Rychkov PRD(04)ht [and wavepackets]; Yoshino & Rychkov PRD(05)ht [cross sections]; Harris et al JHEP(05); Cardoso et al CQG(05)hp; Koch et al JHEP(05)hp, Hossenfelder et al hp/05 [with remnants]; Casanova & Spallucci CQG(06) [decay, rev]; Cavaglià et al CPC-hp/06 [Monte Carlo simulator]; Kaloper & Terning GRG(07)-a0705 [mechanism]; Maia & Monte a0808 [AdS-cft and stability]; Schelpe a0809 [Randall-Sundrum scenario]; Coyne & Cheng a0905.
@ HEP, disaster scenarios: Jaffe et al RMP(00)hp/99; Close pw(07)aug; Kapusta a0804-PiP; news NYT(08)jun [CERN report]; Koch et al PLB(09)-a0807 [summary]; Giddings & Mangano PRD(08)-a0806, comment Peskin Phy(08) [astrophysical implications]; Ellis et al JPG(08)-a0806.
@ HEP, at LHC: Cavaglià et al CQG(03)hp; Mocioiu et al PLB(03) [hadrons]; Gingrich IJMPA(06)hp [cross section], JHEP(07) [and charged partons], JHEP(07)-a0706 [missing energy], IJMPA(07); Kanti LNP(09)-a0802 [rev]; Dvali & Redi PRD(08); Calmet et al PLB(08)-a0806 [colorful]; Bock & Humanic IJMPA(09) [quantitative predictions using CATFISH]; > s.a. electroweak theory.
@ HEP, Gauss-Bonnet black holes: Barrau et al PLB(04); Alexeyev et al G&C(05).
@ Cosmic rays: Anchordoqui et al PRD(02)hp/01, hp/03-in, PLB(04)hp/03 [bounds]; Giddings hp/01-in; Feng & Shapere PRL(02)hp/01; Ahn & Cavaglià IJMPD(03)hp; Ahn et al PRD(03); Stojkovic et al PRL(06)hp/05 [suppression, and p decay]; Anchordoqui et al PRD(07) [and IceCube neutrino detector]; Cavaglià & Roy PRD(07) [QCD and spin effects]; Gora et al a0906-in [shower simulations].
@ And higher-order gravity: Rychkov PRD(04)hp; Rizzo JHEP(05)hp.
@ Radiation and signatures: Cheung PRL(02); Cavaglià PLB(03)hp; Choudhury et al MPLA(04); Stojkovic PRL(05)hp/04 [ADD vs RS]; Alberghi et al hp/06; Ida et al PRD(06)ht [rotating black holes]; Alig et al JHEP(06)hp [QCD effects].
@ String theory: Hewett et al PRL(05)hp [and critical string theory]; Iengo & Russo JHEP(06)ht [fundamental cosmic string collisions].
@ Related topics: Hsu PLB(03)hp/02 [path integral, amplitude]; Hossenfelder PLB(04)ht, MPLA(04)hp [and minimal length]; Cavaglià & Das CQG(04) [and thermodynamics]; Doukas et al MPLA(06) [lepton-number violation]; Abdalla et al JHEP(07) [quasinormal mode characterization].

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