Neutrinos| Neutrinos |
In General > s.a. particle
physics and types of particles.
* History: 1930, Existence
predicted by Pauli, who called it "neutron"; 1933 (after Chadwick's discovery
of the n), Fermi's "neutrino"; 1938, H Bethe, nuclear reaction in
the Sun; 1953, 
e discovered
by Reines & Cowan;
1962, First neutrino beam at BNL and mu discovered;
1969, Gribov and Pontecorvo's solution of solar neutrino puzzle, elaborated
on later by Wolfenstein and Mikheyev & Smirnov; 1975, tau discovered
by Perl; 1989, Only 3 light
's (m < mZ /2),
from Z line
shape; 1998, Evidence for oscillations from SuperKamiokande; 2002, Evidence
reported for neutrinoless double-
decay
2n → 2p +
2e (implies
lepton number violation, mnu value);
2003, They are candidates for hot dark matter
but
cannot account
for most of the dark matter even if massive, because of constraints
from large-scale structure.
* Interactions: With
a q,
it can exchange a W (charged
current, turns into an e or 
,
as in e + d → p + n +
e), or
a Z (neutral current, remains, as in + d → p + n +
); can be used to measure the
weak mixing angle.
* Open issues: Do 's
and -bar's have the same
masses? If not, this could signal CPT violation; Are
neutrinos Dirac or Majorana spinors? Confirmation of neutrinoless double-beta
decay would imply that they are Majorana particles; > s.a. neutron.
@ History: Franklin PT(00)feb; Bilenky phy/01, MPLA(04)
[and status]; Pietschmann phy/06-in;
# B Pontecorvo.
@ General references, reviews: Sutton 92; Sarma IJMPA(95);
Reines RMP(96);
Winter 00; Akhmedov NPPS(01);
González-García & Nir RMP(03)hp/02;
Zuber 04 [r PT(05)apr];
Haxton & Holstein AJP(04)jan;
Roulet
ap/04-in
[phenomenology]; Anicin phy/05-in;
Maricic & Learned CP(05)
[esp oscillations]; Wark pw(05)jun;
Giunti & Kim 07; Xing IJMPA(08).
Masses and Other General Properties > s.a. cosmological
neutrinos [number of species]; mixing
and oscillations.
* Properties: Intrinsic
ones are largely unknown; In the standard model, all 's
are massless, but we know from oscillations that (at least two) have non-zero
masses; GUTs require non-zero m's,
but they don't predict their values.
@ Masses: Wolfenstein CP(96);
Zuber PRP(98),
Valle hp/98-in
[re]; Divakaran & Rajasekaran MPLA(99)
[proposal]; Akhmedov NPPS(00)hp [seesaw];
Bilenky et al PRP(03);
McKeown & Vogel PRP(04)
[and oscillations]; Giedt et al PRD(05)ht [string
theory]; King CP(07) [rev].
@ Masses, cosmology: Elgarøy et al PRL(02)
[2dF]; Kainulainen & Olive ap/02;
Abazajian & Dodelson PRL(03)
[weak lensing]; Elgarøy & Lahav JCAP(03)
[2dF and WMAP]; Hannestad PRD(02), JCAP(03)
[WMAP & 2dF], & Raffelt JCAP(04);
Kaplinghat et al PRL(03)
[cmb]; Tegmark et al PRD(05)ap/03 [anthropic];
Brandenberger et al PRD(04)
[robustness];
Crotty et al PRD(04);
Lesgourgues et al PRD(04)
[redshift surveys]; Ichikawa et al PRD(05)
[cmb only]; Melchiorri et al NPPS(05)ap;
Kahniashvili et al PRD(05)ap,
Wang et al PRL(05)ap [galaxy
cluster surveys]; Hannestad PRL(05)ap [and
dark energy equation of state], JCAP-ap/06-in;
Slosar PRD(06)ap;
Goobar et al JCAP(06);
Lesgourgues & Pastor PRP(06);
Elgarøy hp/06-in;
Zunckel & Ferreira JCAP(07);
De Bernardis et al PRD(08)-a0809,
a0907; Banhatti a0901 [bounds,
and equivalence principle]; Kawasaki & Sato a0907.
@ Masses, supernovae: Lunardini & Smirnov JCAP(03);
Dighe et al JCAP(03)
[IceCube].
@ Masses, theory: Arkani-Hamed et al PRD(02)
[higher-dimensional, 10–1–10–4 eV];
Mohapatra NJP(04)
[rev]; Berezinsky et al JHEP(05)
[and low-scale gravity]; Lambiase et al CQG(06)gq/05 [lower
bound, geometric quantum mechanics and SN1987A]; Sharatchandra a0710 [from
quantum gravity attractions]; > s.a. standard
model.
@ Magnetic moment: Vysotsky MPLA(03)
[theory]; MUNU Collaboration PLB(03)
[exp]; Bell IJMPA(07) [theory].
Types and Models > s.a. mixing
and oscillations; dirac
fields; kerr spacetime;
Singletons.
* e-neutrinos:
1986, Bethe estimates m = 2 
10–7 eV,
based on oscillations; Bahcall & Glashow
give m < 9.5 eV from SN 1987A
data; 2002, 3H decay experiments give m < 2.2
eV; 2003, m < 0.6
eV, 95% cl, from SDSS data; WMAP gives m < 0.7 eV.
* muon-neutrinos: 1986,
Bethe estimates m = 0.01 eV, from oscillations;
1995, m < 160 KeV, 95%, from particle decay rates; 2002, 2dF
results on galaxy distribution power spectrum imply me + mmu + mtau <
2.2 eV.
* tau-neutrinos: 1978, Theorized
by M Perl; 2000, Direct evidence at Fermilab; 1995, m < 29 MeV,
95%, from decay rates.
* Sterile neutrinos:
Hypothetical particles with keV masses, which interact only gravitationally
and decay over a very long time, much longer than the Hubble time; The motivation
is
that
three s
don't seem to explain all oscillation (atmospheric, solar, accelerator) data;
However, there are
Super-Kamiokande indications that mu → tau exclusively,
and
not into sterile ones; 2007, MiniBooNE results provide evidence for only three
light neutrinos and make sterile neutrinos unlikely [@ news pn(07)apr].
@ Dirac vs Majorana:
Gutierrez PRL(06)
[experiment proposal]; Singh et al PRL(06)gq, gq/06,
comment Nieves & Pal PRL(07)gq/06,
reply PRL(07)gq/06 [gravity
coupling]
@ 17 keV neutrinos: news PT(91)may,
PT(93)apr;
Franklin RMP(95)
[consensus is that it is not there]; Wietfeldt & Norman PRP(96).
@ Sterile: Patel & Fuller hp/00-in;
Fukuda et al PRL(00);
Volkas PPNP(02);
Dodelson et al PRL(06)
[and cosmology]; Kusenko hp/07-in,
PRP(09)
[rev]; > s.a. dark-matter types.
@ Atmospheric neutrinos: Plyaskin PLB(01);
Gaisser PS(05)ap [rev];
Stanev NPPS(05);
González-García et al PRL(08)-a0711 +
news pw(07)nov
[as
probes of Earth interior].
@ Applications: Sugawara et al hp/03 [use
to destroy nuclear weapons?].
Theoretical Issues and Other Topics > s.a. matter; neutrinos
in astrophysics; spin-statistics; Superfluids.
@ Propagation: Elizalde et al PRD(04)hp [strongly
magnetized media]; Kuznetsov et al PRD(06)
[dispersion in external B]; Bravo & Sahu MPLA(07) [in media, self-energy
corrections].
@ CPT violation: Barenboim et al PLB(02), PLB(02);
Bahcall et al PLB(02)hp.
@ In gravitational fields:
Nieves & Pal MPLA(99)gq [general
relativity
coupling]; Lambiase et al PRD(05)gq;
Mukhopadhyay MPLA(05)ap
[asymmetry around black holes]; > s.a. quantum-gravity
phenomenology.
@ Related topics: Sciama ASS(01)ap/97 [decaying
neutrino and ISM ionization]; Casini et al PRD(99)
[and gravity]; Kaplan et al PRL(04)
[varying masses and dark energy].
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sep 2009