In General > s.a. electromagnetism;
history of quantum physics; light;
Notoph; Wavelets.
* History: Introduced
by Planck; Used by Einstein to explain the photoelectric effect; Called "light quantum" until G N Lewis introduced
the name "photon" in 1926.
* Evidence: Compton effect;
Photoelectric effect (although photons are not necessary if one uses the quantum
theory of electrons); More direct evidence
is the fact that atoms recoil when emitting radiation.
* Mass bounds: 1975, mphoton < 6
× 10–16 eV/c2,
from Jupiter's B field; 1989, mphoton < 6
× 10–16 eV/c2
4 ×
10–51 kg,
from Earth's B; 1994,
mphoton < 3 ×
10–27 eV/c2 [?];
1998, mphoton < 7 ×
10–17 eV/c2,
from Cavendish balance; Bounds are also obtained from timing of GRB pulses.
@ Mass, observation: Goldhaber & Nieto RMP(71);
Montanet et PDG PRD(94);
Schaefer PRL(99)ap/98 + pn(98)mar
[GRB's]; Neyenhuis et al PRL(07)
[proposed interferometer experiment sensitive down to 9 × 10–50 g].
@ Mass, theory: Prokopec et al PRL(02)
[generation in inflation]; Accioly & Paszko
PRD(04)
[bound from light deflection]; Pal PhyTea(05)phy/06 [history];
Sidharth
FPL(06);
Dolgov & Pelliccia PLB(07)hp/06 [cosmological
consequences]; > s.a. modified
electromagnetism.
@ Other properties: Altschul PRL(07)
+ pw(07)jul,
a0711 [upper
bound of 10–32e or
less on electric charge, 10–24e·cm
on magnetic moment].
@ Classical description: Barut PLA(90)
[model]; Marshall & Santos qp/97;
Simon et al qp/97 [photon
number distribution]; > s.a. gas.
Quantum Aspects > s.a. graviton;
QED; quantum mechanics [wave-particle
duality].
@ General references: Einstein AdP(05)
[Rigden pw(05)apr];
Scully & Sargent PT(72)mar; Clauser PRD(74)
[experiment]; Walls Nat(79)aug
[evidence]; Strnad AJP(86);
news Nat(96)apr, Sci(96)apr;
Leonhardt 97; Kolobov RMP(99);
Loudon 00; Paris PLA(01)
[verification]; Marshall qp/02 [against];
Greenberger et al a0712 [Planck,
photon statistics, etc]; Silberhorn CP(07) [detection].
@ Descriptions: Leonhardt 97 [states]; Dvoeglazov phy/97-in
[various], PS(01) [compositeness?]; > s.a. particle
models.
@ Anderson localization: Wiersma et al Nat(97)dec
+ pn(98)jan;
Malfliet
PLA(00)
[continuum version].
@ Other localization: Tan et al PRL(91)
[non-locality]; Chiao et al SA(93)aug; Hardy PRL(94);
Dotson FP(95);
Home & Agarwal PLA(95);
Brooke & Schroeck JMP(96)
[covariant phase space localization operator]; Keller PRP(05);
> s.a. quantum
locality.
@ Wave / particle aspects: Arnaud AJP(74)
[momentum]; Milonni in(83); Ghose et al PLA(91),
PLA(92);
Mizobuchi & Ohtaké PLA(92);
Lamb APB(95)
[against "photon" as a particle]; Razmi
qp/98 [position
and momentum]; Nisius PRP(00)
[structure from e scattering]; Glück
et al PLB(01)
[structure functions]; Carmichael qp/01-in
[fluctuations]; > s.a. Interference.
@ Single photon states: Pfleegor & Mandel PR(67)
[from 2 lasers]; Adlard et al PRL(97);
Lvovsky et al PRL(01)qp;
Bertet et al PRL(02)
[Wigner function, measurement]; Grangier & Abram pw(03)feb;
Oxborrow & Sinclair CP(05)
[sources]; news pn(08)mar
[shortest one, 65 fs].
@ N-photon states:
Bertet et al PRL(02)
[2-photon]; Brown et al qp/02;
Czachor PLA(03)qp/02;
Ou qp/06 [temporal
distribution]; Hawton qp/06 [1-
and 2-photon states]; Gleyzes et al Nat(07)qp/06 [observing
quantum jumps]; > s.a. fock space.
@ Wave function: Inagaki PRA(98);
Zalesny IJTP(04)
[Bialynicki-Birula wave function]; Bialynicki-Birula qp/05-in;
Raymer & Smith qp/06-in;
Lapaire & Sipe qp/06 [and
interference]; Tamburini & Vicino a0807 [covariant,
and QED].
@ Non-classical states: Asbóth et al PRL(05)qp/04;
Bendjaballah PRA(06); Zavatta
et al a0803 [cavity-enhanced
generation].
@ Other states: Wiseman & Vaccaro PRA(02)qp/99, PRA(02)qp/01 [stationary
laser states]; > s.a.
QED, Squeezed.
@ And quantum mechanics: Peres AJP(84), FP(84); Paul RMP(86); Hawton PRA(99), & Baylis
PRA(01)
[position operator].
@ Related topics: Ghose et al PLA(01)
[Bohmian
trajectories]; Ligare & Oliveri AJP(02)
[visualization]; Esposito mp/05-in
[propagator, in QED].
Photon Propagation > s.a. diffraction; light [including
orbital L]; Raman and Rayleigh
Scattering; polarization; wave
phenomena.
* In modified QED vacua: In
the low-energy (![]()
mec2) the speed of propagation can
be written as
v = 1 – (44
2/135)
(u/me4)
,
where u is the (renormalized) background energy density, and the
coefficient is related to the trace anomaly of the energgy-momentum tensor,
for weak background
fields.
@ Modified QED vacua: Latorre et al NPB(95)ht/94;
Gies & Dittrich
PLB(98)hp,
Dittrich & Gies PRD(98)hp [non-trivial];
Cougo-Pinto et al PLB(99);
Shukla et al PLA(04)
[radiation background]; Cho et al
PRD(06)
[constant E and B]; Mendonça et al PLA(06); > s.a.
casimir.
@ Other media: Özel ApJ(03)ap/02 [magnetized
plasmas and quantum field theory]; Gharibyan PLB(05)he/03 [possible
dispersion in vacuum]; Sudheesh et al JOB(05)qp [Kerr-like
medium, non-classical aspects]; Inagaki NCB(03)
[refractive]; Antoci & Mihich a0705 [in
dielectrics].
@ In Schwarzschild:
Sehra gq/06;
Turakulov
& Muminov MPLA(06);
Muminov & Turakulov MPLA(07)-a0706;
> s.a. kerr-newman.
@ In other curved spacetime, and general relativity: Mohanty & Prasanna NPB(98)gq;
Okun MPLA(00), MPLA(00)
[static gravitational fields]; Antoci & Mihich NCB(01)gq [in
matter]; Shore NPB(02), NPB(02),
CP(03)gq [causality];
Ahmadi & Nouri-Zonoz PRD(06)gq [effective
Raychaudhuri equation]; Ahmadi et al gq/06 [in
general, and NUT space]; > s.a. quantum
gravity phenomenology, Raychaudhuri
Equation.
Photoelectric Effect
@ General references: Einstein AdP(05);
Zenk RVMP(08) [variant of standard approach with wider applicability].
@ Without quanta: Wentzel ZP(27); Franken in(69); Milonni AJP(97).
@ Other topics: Bach et al ATMP(01)mp/02 [mathematical].
Other Quantum Effects > s.a. atomic
physics; experiments
in quantum mechanics; information; optics; QED;
quantum field theory effects in curved spacetime.
* Entanglement: What is really entangled in an entangled state of light
is not the photons [@ van Enk].
@ Compton effect: Schrödinger AdP(27)
[without quantum field theory]; Welton PR(48)
[and quantum fluctuations]; > s.a. quantum
gravity phenomenology.
@ Photon-photon scattering: Rosen AJP(66); Bern et al JHEP(01)
[QCD and QED corrections]; Binoth et al JHEP(02)
[susy QED, 2-loop]; Brodin et al PLA(03)
[light bullets], PRD(06)gq [graviton-mediated];
Lundström et al PRL(06)
[proposed experiment].
@ Entanglement: Bouwmeester et
al PRL(99)
[3-photon]; van Enk PRA(03)qp/02, qp/04-in,
& Hirota PRA(05)qp/04;
Eisenberg et al PRL(04)qp [many
photons]; Sun & Kuang qp/05 [and
non-locality]; Franson PRL(06)
[phenomenology, two-photon absorption]; Zhang et al JPB(06)qp [in
cavity QED].
@ Light standstill: Rostovtsev et al qp/00;
Turukhin et al PRL(02)
+ pn(02)jan;
Zibrov
et al PRL(02)
[transport]; > s.a. light.
@ Other effects and descriptions: Lee
et al PRP(03)
[photon splitting]; McKeever et al Nat(03)sep
+ pw(03)sep
[1-atom
laser]; de
la
Torre EJP(05)qp/04, qp/04,
qp/05 [description,
and electromagnetic field]; > s.a. Goldstone
Boson; matter [mirror
photon]; optical technology.
Main page – Abbreviations – Journals – Comments – Other
sites – Acknowledgements
Send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – Modified
26 jul 2008