Photons  

In General > s.a. electromagnetism; history of quantum physics; light; Notoph; Wavelets.
* History: Introduced by Planck; Used by Einstein to explain the photoelectric effect; Called "light quantum" until G N Lewis introduced the name "photon" in 1926.
* Evidence: Compton effect; Photoelectric effect (although photons are not necessary if one uses the quantum theory of electrons); More direct evidence is the fact that atoms recoil when emitting radiation.
* Mass bounds: 1975, mphoton < 6 × 10–16 eV/c2, from Jupiter's B field; 1989, mphoton < 6 × 10–16 eV/c2 4 × 10–51 kg, from Earth's B; 1994, mphoton < 3 × 10–27 eV/c2 [?]; 1998, mphoton < 7 × 10–17 eV/c2, from Cavendish balance; Bounds are also obtained from timing of GRB pulses.
@ Mass, observation: Goldhaber & Nieto RMP(71); Montanet et PDG PRD(94); Schaefer PRL(99)ap/98 + pn(98)mar [GRB's]; Neyenhuis et al PRL(07) [proposed interferometer experiment sensitive down to 9 × 10–50 g].
@ Mass, theory: Prokopec et al PRL(02) [generation in inflation]; Accioly & Paszko PRD(04) [bound from light deflection]; Pal PhyTea(05)phy/06 [history]; Sidharth FPL(06); Dolgov & Pelliccia PLB(07)hp/06 [cosmological consequences]; > s.a. modified electromagnetism.
@ Other properties: Altschul PRL(07) + pw(07)jul, a0711 [upper bound of 10–32e or less on electric charge, 10–24e·cm on magnetic moment].
@ Classical description: Barut PLA(90) [model]; Marshall & Santos qp/97; Simon et al qp/97 [photon number distribution]; > s.a. gas.

Quantum Aspects > s.a. graviton; QED; quantum mechanics [wave-particle duality].
@ General references: Einstein AdP(05) [Rigden pw(05)apr]; Scully & Sargent PT(72)mar; Clauser PRD(74) [experiment]; Walls Nat(79)aug [evidence]; Strnad AJP(86); news Nat(96)apr, Sci(96)apr; Leonhardt 97; Kolobov RMP(99); Loudon 00; Paris PLA(01) [verification]; Marshall qp/02 [against]; Greenberger et al a0712 [Planck, photon statistics, etc]; Silberhorn CP(07) [detection].
@ Descriptions: Leonhardt 97 [states]; Dvoeglazov phy/97-in [various], PS(01) [compositeness?]; > s.a. particle models.
@ Anderson localization: Wiersma et al Nat(97)dec + pn(98)jan; Malfliet PLA(00) [continuum version].
@ Other localization: Tan et al PRL(91) [non-locality]; Chiao et al SA(93)aug; Hardy PRL(94); Dotson FP(95); Home & Agarwal PLA(95); Brooke & Schroeck JMP(96) [covariant phase space localization operator]; Keller PRP(05); > s.a. quantum locality.
@ Wave / particle aspects: Arnaud AJP(74) [momentum]; Milonni in(83); Ghose et al PLA(91), PLA(92); Mizobuchi & Ohtaké PLA(92); Lamb APB(95) [against "photon" as a particle]; Razmi qp/98 [position and momentum]; Nisius PRP(00) [structure from e scattering]; Glück et al PLB(01) [structure functions]; Carmichael qp/01-in [fluctuations]; > s.a. Interference.
@ Single photon states: Pfleegor & Mandel PR(67) [from 2 lasers]; Adlard et al PRL(97); Lvovsky et al PRL(01)qp; Bertet et al PRL(02) [Wigner function, measurement]; Grangier & Abram pw(03)feb; Oxborrow & Sinclair CP(05) [sources]; news pn(08)mar [shortest one, 65 fs].
@ N-photon states: Bertet et al PRL(02) [2-photon]; Brown et al qp/02; Czachor PLA(03)qp/02; Ou qp/06 [temporal distribution]; Hawton qp/06 [1- and 2-photon states]; Gleyzes et al Nat(07)qp/06 [observing quantum jumps]; > s.a. fock space.
@ Wave function: Inagaki PRA(98); Zalesny IJTP(04) [Bialynicki-Birula wave function]; Bialynicki-Birula qp/05-in; Raymer & Smith qp/06-in; Lapaire & Sipe qp/06 [and interference]; Tamburini & Vicino a0807 [covariant, and QED].
@ Non-classical states: Asbóth et al PRL(05)qp/04; Bendjaballah PRA(06); Zavatta et al a0803 [cavity-enhanced generation].
@ Other states: Wiseman & Vaccaro PRA(02)qp/99, PRA(02)qp/01 [stationary laser states]; > s.a. QED, Squeezed.
@ And quantum mechanics: Peres AJP(84), FP(84); Paul RMP(86); Hawton PRA(99), & Baylis PRA(01) [position operator].
@ Related topics: Ghose et al PLA(01) [Bohmian trajectories]; Ligare & Oliveri AJP(02) [visualization]; Esposito mp/05-in [propagator, in QED].

Photon Propagation > s.a. diffraction; light [including orbital L]; Raman and Rayleigh Scattering; polarization; wave phenomena.
* In modified QED vacua: In the low-energy ( mec2) the speed of propagation can be written as

v = 1 – (442/135) (u/me4) ,

where u is the (renormalized) background energy density, and the coefficient is related to the trace anomaly of the energgy-momentum tensor, for weak background fields.
@ Modified QED vacua: Latorre et al NPB(95)ht/94; Gies & Dittrich PLB(98)hp, Dittrich & Gies PRD(98)hp [non-trivial]; Cougo-Pinto et al PLB(99); Shukla et al PLA(04) [radiation background]; Cho et al PRD(06) [constant E and B]; Mendonça et al PLA(06); > s.a. casimir.
@ Other media: Özel ApJ(03)ap/02 [magnetized plasmas and quantum field theory]; Gharibyan PLB(05)he/03 [possible dispersion in vacuum]; Sudheesh et al JOB(05)qp [Kerr-like medium, non-classical aspects]; Inagaki NCB(03) [refractive]; Antoci & Mihich a0705 [in dielectrics].
@ In Schwarzschild: Sehra gq/06; Turakulov & Muminov MPLA(06); Muminov & Turakulov MPLA(07)-a0706; > s.a. kerr-newman.
@ In other curved spacetime, and general relativity: Mohanty & Prasanna NPB(98)gq; Okun MPLA(00), MPLA(00) [static gravitational fields]; Antoci & Mihich NCB(01)gq [in matter]; Shore NPB(02), NPB(02), CP(03)gq [causality]; Ahmadi & Nouri-Zonoz PRD(06)gq [effective Raychaudhuri equation]; Ahmadi et al gq/06 [in general, and NUT space]; > s.a. quantum gravity phenomenology, Raychaudhuri Equation.

Photoelectric Effect
@ General references: Einstein AdP(05); Zenk RVMP(08) [variant of standard approach with wider applicability].
@ Without quanta: Wentzel ZP(27); Franken in(69); Milonni AJP(97).
@ Other topics: Bach et al ATMP(01)mp/02 [mathematical].

Other Quantum Effects > s.a. atomic physics; experiments in quantum mechanics; information; optics; QED; quantum field theory effects in curved spacetime.
* Entanglement: What is really entangled in an entangled state of light is not the photons [@ van Enk].
@ Compton effect: Schrödinger AdP(27) [without quantum field theory]; Welton PR(48) [and quantum fluctuations]; > s.a. quantum gravity phenomenology.
@ Photon-photon scattering: Rosen AJP(66); Bern et al JHEP(01) [QCD and QED corrections]; Binoth et al JHEP(02) [susy QED, 2-loop]; Brodin et al PLA(03) [light bullets], PRD(06)gq [graviton-mediated]; Lundström et al PRL(06) [proposed experiment].
@ Entanglement: Bouwmeester et al PRL(99) [3-photon]; van Enk PRA(03)qp/02, qp/04-in, & Hirota PRA(05)qp/04; Eisenberg et al PRL(04)qp [many photons]; Sun & Kuang qp/05 [and non-locality]; Franson PRL(06) [phenomenology, two-photon absorption]; Zhang et al JPB(06)qp [in cavity QED].
@ Light standstill: Rostovtsev et al qp/00; Turukhin et al PRL(02) + pn(02)jan; Zibrov et al PRL(02) [transport]; > s.a. light.
@ Other effects and descriptions: Lee et al PRP(03) [photon splitting]; McKeever et al Nat(03)sep + pw(03)sep [1-atom laser]; de la Torre EJP(05)qp/04, qp/04, qp/05 [description, and electromagnetic field]; > s.a. Goldstone Boson; matter [mirror photon]; optical technology.

Main page – Abbreviations – Journals – Comments – Other sites – Acknowledgements
Send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – Modified 26 jul 2008