Particles: Descriptions

In General > s.a. classical particle models; field theories; lagrangian systems; particle effects; particle statistics; physics paradigms.
* History: Initially particles were thought of as singularities in the fields by many, but few now really think so; There have been attempts to consider them as black holes, geons and other solitons and localized solutions of non-linear field equations, or tachyons; 1999, So far none of those models is widely accepted.
@ Levels of description: Rimini FP(97) [composition]; Gies & Wetterich PRD(02)ht/01 [elementary vs composite, renormalization]; Cui ht/01.
@ Nature and description: DeWitt in(79); Ne'eman PLA(94) [mass and localizability]; Buchholz NPB(96)ht/95, ht/95-in; Lanz & Melsheimer LNP(98)qp/97 [as derived entities]; Dolby gq/03-in [observer dependence]; Goldstein et al SHPMP(05)qp/04 [existence/reality, and Bohm theory]; Colosi & Rovelli CQG(09)gq/04 [global Fock states vs local particle states]; Butterfield FP(05) [endurance vs perdurance]; Wang gq/07 [as quasiparticles in superconductor]; Nambu IJMPA(08) [superconductor model]; Muller & Seevinck PhSc(09)-a0905 [discernibility].
@ From (quantum) field theory: Derrick JMP(64) [non-linear scalar field, negative result]; Davies in(84); Clifton & Halvorson BJPS(01)qp/00 [and quantum field theory]; Cortez et al in(02)gq/05 [including holography, sigma models]; Arteaga AP(09) [particle-like excitations of non-vacuum states]; Dybalski a0901-PhD [and spectral theory of automorphism groups]; Pessa a0907; > s.a. geons, solitons, solutions of general relativity with matter.
@ N-particle systems: Atiyah & Sutcliffe PRS(02)ht/01 [configuration space geometry]; Kundt FP(07) [and fundamental physics].
@ Parametrizations: Guven PRD(91) [proper time]; > s.a. time.
@ Flux-across-surfaces theorem: Dürr & Pickl mp/02 [Dirac particles].
@ Charged particles: Bagan et al ht/01-in [in gauge theory].
@ Unstable particles: Saller ht/01 [time representations].
> Related topics: see Bag Model; Center of Mass; composite models; energy [self-energy]; mass [including mass generation]; mirrors; monopoles; symplectic structures and special types; twistors.

In Quantum Theory > s.a. quantum mechanics [wave-particle duality]; quantum particle models.
* Issue: It can be argued that there can be no relativistic, quantum theory of localizable particles and, thus, that relativity and quantum mechanics can be reconciled only in the context of quantum field theory.
@ General references: Bloch & Burba PRD(74) [presence in a spacetime region and detector]; Huang PRA(08) [quasiclassical quantum states].
@ No evidence / objective existence: Nissenson a0711; Blood a0807; Zeh a0809 [discreteness is an illusion]; Fraser SHPMP(08).
@ With special relativity: Halvorson & Clifton PhSc(02)qp/01; > s.a. quantum locality.
> Related topics: see Quantum Carpet; uncertainty principle [ and m as operators]; wigner functions.

Geometrical Models > s.a. general relativity solutions; particle types; quantum-gravity phenomenology; spinning particles.
* Early developments: In the 1940s Einstein tried unsuccessfully to model particles with regular solutions of the vacuum field equations (including in Kaluza-Klein theory with Pauli) and published negative results.
* As black holes: The issue is that for known particles like the electron in natural units q m, so it seems like they would have naked singularities; One way out (in an approximate approach) is to remember that at very small scales, the electric potential is logarithmic rather than 1/r.
* As wormholes: For example, wormholes can have charge without a source of charge.
* As defects / singularities: For example, puctures in 3D gravity (whose geometry is that of conical singularities in an otherwise flat space and are classified by conjugacy classes in the symmetry group G, holonomies modulo gauge transformations, labeled by m and s), or Louis Crane's idea based on simplicial complexes and state sum models.
* Charged particles: Models usually require negative mass in order to maintain stability against Coulomb's repulsion, e.g., a core of negative mass surrounded by a positive-mass, Reissner-Nordström outer layer.
@ General references: Einstein RUNT(41); Einstein & Pauli AM(43) [Kaluza-Klein]; Damour in(83); Lopez PRD(88); Mann & Morris PLA(93)gq; Kuzenko et al IJMPA(95) [arbitrary spin]; Recami et al gq/95; Vigier PLA(97) [extended, charged]; Zloshchastiev CQG(99)gq/97 [charged]; Galvagno & Giribet EJP(05)phy/04 [Einstein 1941]; Hadley phy/06-in; Feoli IJMPD(07) [solution of linearized Einstein equation].
@ As black holes: Holzhey & Wilczek NPB(92); Kim hp/98-in; Sidharth IJMPA(98)qp; Burinskii CQG(99)ht-in; Arcos & Pereira GRG(04)ht/02 [Kerr-Newman black hole as Dirac particle]; Burinskii & Hildebrandt G&C(03); Zaslavskii PRD(04)gq [Reissner-Nordström matched to Robinson-Bertotti]; Petrov FPL(05)gq [Schwarzschild]; Goncharov in(05)ht [black holes and confinement]; Oldershaw ap/07 [hadrons as Kerr-Newman]; Ha IJMPA(09)-a0906-in; > s.a. born-infeld theory.
@ As black holes, corrected electromagnetic potential: Kauffmann ht/94; Blinder RPMP(01), RPMP(01)mp; Ward MPLA(04), JCAP(04); Ponce de Leon GRG(04)gq/03; > s.a. modified electromagnetism.
@ Electrons: Dirac PRS(62) [charged conducting surface]; Visser PLA(89) [electromagnetism + Newtonian gravity]; Pavsic et al PLB(93)qp/02 [Dirac equation from Clifford algebras]; Hofer qp/99-in; Ray & Bhadra IJMPD(04)gq/02 [Einstein-Cartan theory]; Burinskii G&C(08)ht/05, ht/05-in, gq/06-in, a0712-in [Dirac electrons as Kerr black holes]; Likhtman ht/06 [string model]; Yaghjian 05 [Lorentz-Abraham charged sphere model]; Giulini HSPMP(08)-a0710 [spin and special relativity]; Gsponer JMP(08) [pointlike, in Colombeau's theory]; > s.a. gauge [Maxwell theory].
@ Field configurations: Barut & Grant FPL(90), Barut & Bracken FP(92) [free electromagnetic field]; Avelar et al a0906 [lumplike structures in scalar-field models]; > s.a. dirac fields, non-linear electromagnetism, solitons.
@ Point particles: van Holten NPB(98)ht/97 [stability and mass]; Blanchet & Faye JMP(01)gq/00, Fiziev gq/04-in [in general relativity]; Casadio et al PLB(09) [in general relativity, and gup].
@ Semiclassical: Delaney IJTP(73), IJTP(74); Puthoff IJTP(07) [electron and Casimir vacuum energy]; > s.a. orbits of gravitating objects.
@ Knots, braids: Bilson-Thompson et al a0804 [quantum geometry excitations]; Bilson-Thompson et al a0903 [framed braids]; > s.a. knots in physics; strings.
@ Other models: Balasubramanian & Larsen NPB(97) [as extremal branes]; Clément gq/98 [as ring wormholes]; Levin & Wen RMP(05) [photons and electrons as emergent, string-nets]; Freidel et al PRD(06)gq [as Wilson lines]; Olkhov AIP(07)-a0801 [Dirac and Maxwell fields as defects]; Casadio et al a0904 [quasi-pointlike shell, with gup].

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