In General > s.a. classical particle
models;
field theories; lagrangian
systems; particle
effects; particle statistics;
physics paradigms.
* History: Initially
particles were thought of as singularities in the fields by many, but few
now really
think so; There have been attempts to consider them as black holes,
geons and other solitons and localized solutions of non-linear field equations,
or tachyons; 1999, So far none of those models is widely accepted.
@ Levels of description: Rimini FP(97) [composition]; Gies & Wetterich
PRD(02)ht/01 [elementary
vs composite, renormalization]; Cui ht/01.
@ Nature and description: DeWitt in(79);
Ne'eman PLA(94)
[mass and localizability]; Buchholz NPB(96)ht/95,
ht/95-in;
Lanz & Melsheimer
LNP(98)qp/97 [as
derived entities]; Dolby gq/03-in
[observer dependence];
Goldstein et al SHPMP(05)qp/04 [existence/reality,
and Bohm theory]; Colosi & Rovelli CQG(09)gq/04 [global
Fock states vs local particle
states]; Butterfield FP(05)
[endurance vs perdurance]; Wang gq/07 [as
quasiparticles in superconductor]; Nambu IJMPA(08)
[superconductor model]; Muller & Seevinck PhSc(09)-a0905 [discernibility].
@ From (quantum) field theory: Derrick JMP(64)
[non-linear scalar field, negative result]; Davies in(84);
Clifton & Halvorson BJPS(01)qp/00 [and
quantum field theory]; Cortez et al in(02)gq/05
[including holography, sigma models]; Arteaga AP(09)
[particle-like excitations of non-vacuum states]; Dybalski a0901-PhD
[and spectral theory of automorphism groups]; Pessa a0907; > s.a. geons, solitons,
solutions of general relativity with matter.
@ N-particle systems: Atiyah & Sutcliffe PRS(02)ht/01 [configuration
space
geometry]; Kundt FP(07) [and fundamental physics].
@ Parametrizations: Guven PRD(91)
[proper time]; > s.a. time.
@ Flux-across-surfaces theorem: Dürr & Pickl mp/02 [Dirac
particles].
@ Charged particles: Bagan et al ht/01-in
[in gauge theory].
@ Unstable particles: Saller ht/01 [time
representations].
> Related topics:
see Bag
Model; Center of Mass; composite
models; energy [self-energy]; mass [including
mass
generation]; mirrors; monopoles;
symplectic structures and special
types; twistors.
In Quantum Theory > s.a. quantum
mechanics [wave-particle duality]; quantum
particle models.
* Issue: It can be argued
that there can be no relativistic, quantum theory of localizable particles
and, thus, that relativity and quantum mechanics can be reconciled only in
the context of quantum field theory.
@ General references:
Bloch & Burba PRD(74)
[presence in a spacetime region and detector]; Huang PRA(08)
[quasiclassical quantum states].
@ No evidence / objective existence: Nissenson a0711;
Blood a0807; Zeh a0809 [discreteness
is an illusion]; Fraser SHPMP(08).
@ With special relativity: Halvorson & Clifton PhSc(02)qp/01; > s.a. quantum
locality.
> Related topics: see
Quantum
Carpet; uncertainty
principle [
and m as
operators]; wigner functions.
Geometrical Models > s.a. general
relativity solutions; particle types; quantum-gravity
phenomenology; spinning
particles.
* Early developments:
In the 1940s Einstein tried unsuccessfully to model particles
with regular solutions of the vacuum field equations (including in Kaluza-Klein
theory with Pauli) and published negative results.
* As black holes: The
issue is that for known particles like the electron in natural units q
m,
so it seems like they would have naked singularities;
One way out (in an approximate approach) is to remember that at very small
scales, the electric potential is logarithmic rather than 1/r.
* As wormholes: For example,
wormholes can have charge without a source of charge.
* As defects / singularities:
For example, puctures in 3D gravity (whose geometry is that of conical
singularities in an otherwise flat space and are classified by conjugacy classes
in the symmetry group G, holonomies modulo gauge transformations,
labeled by m and s),
or Louis Crane's idea based on simplicial complexes and state sum models.
* Charged particles:
Models usually require negative mass in order to maintain stability against
Coulomb's repulsion, e.g., a core of negative
mass
surrounded by a positive-mass, Reissner-Nordström outer layer.
@ General references: Einstein RUNT(41);
Einstein & Pauli AM(43)
[Kaluza-Klein]; Damour in(83); Lopez
PRD(88);
Mann & Morris
PLA(93)gq;
Kuzenko et al IJMPA(95)
[arbitrary spin]; Recami et al gq/95;
Vigier PLA(97)
[extended, charged]; Zloshchastiev CQG(99)gq/97 [charged];
Galvagno & Giribet EJP(05)phy/04
[Einstein 1941]; Hadley phy/06-in;
Feoli IJMPD(07)
[solution of linearized Einstein equation].
@ As black holes: Holzhey & Wilczek NPB(92);
Kim hp/98-in;
Sidharth IJMPA(98)qp;
Burinskii CQG(99)ht-in;
Arcos & Pereira GRG(04)ht/02 [Kerr-Newman
black hole as Dirac particle]; Burinskii
& Hildebrandt G&C(03);
Zaslavskii PRD(04)gq [Reissner-Nordström
matched to Robinson-Bertotti]; Petrov FPL(05)gq [Schwarzschild];
Goncharov in(05)ht [black
holes and confinement]; Oldershaw ap/07 [hadrons
as Kerr-Newman]; Ha IJMPA(09)-a0906-in;
> s.a. born-infeld theory.
@ As black holes, corrected electromagnetic potential: Kauffmann ht/94;
Blinder RPMP(01), RPMP(01)mp;
Ward MPLA(04), JCAP(04);
Ponce de Leon GRG(04)gq/03; > s.a. modified
electromagnetism.
@ Electrons: Dirac PRS(62)
[charged conducting surface]; Visser PLA(89)
[electromagnetism + Newtonian gravity]; Pavsic et al PLB(93)qp/02 [Dirac
equation from Clifford algebras]; Hofer qp/99-in;
Ray & Bhadra
IJMPD(04)gq/02 [Einstein-Cartan
theory]; Burinskii G&C(08)ht/05,
ht/05-in,
gq/06-in,
a0712-in [Dirac
electrons as Kerr black holes]; Likhtman ht/06 [string
model]; Yaghjian 05 [Lorentz-Abraham charged sphere model]; Giulini HSPMP(08)-a0710 [spin
and special relativity]; Gsponer JMP(08)
[pointlike, in Colombeau's theory]; > s.a. gauge [Maxwell
theory].
@ Field configurations: Barut & Grant FPL(90),
Barut & Bracken FP(92)
[free electromagnetic field]; Avelar et al a0906 [lumplike
structures in scalar-field models]; > s.a. dirac
fields, non-linear
electromagnetism, solitons.
@ Point particles: van Holten NPB(98)ht/97 [stability
and mass]; Blanchet
& Faye JMP(01)gq/00,
Fiziev gq/04-in
[in general relativity]; Casadio et al PLB(09) [in general relativity, and
gup].
@ Semiclassical: Delaney IJTP(73), IJTP(74);
Puthoff IJTP(07)
[electron and Casimir vacuum energy]; > s.a. orbits
of gravitating objects.
@ Knots, braids: Bilson-Thompson et al a0804 [quantum
geometry
excitations]; Bilson-Thompson et al a0903 [framed braids]; > s.a. knots
in
physics; strings.
@ Other models: Balasubramanian & Larsen NPB(97)
[as extremal branes]; Clément gq/98 [as
ring wormholes]; Levin & Wen RMP(05)
[photons and electrons as emergent, string-nets]; Freidel et al PRD(06)gq [as
Wilson lines]; Olkhov AIP(07)-a0801
[Dirac and Maxwell fields as defects]; Casadio et al a0904 [quasi-pointlike shell,
with gup].
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nov 2009