Black
Holes| Black
Holes |
In General > s.a. censorship;
history of relativistic physics;
horizons; phenomenology;
{#einstein}.
* Early idea: Calculation
by clergyman John Michell in 1784 for situation in which the escape speed equals c
(however, because of addition of velocities, in Newtonian theory light emitted
by a moving source could escape).
* History: Schwarzschild
solution found early, but before the work of Oppenheimer & Snyder,
black holes were not thought of as real astrophysical objects; The term black
hole was introduced by Wheeler, in a 29 dec 1967 
-
BK
lecture.
$ Definition: A strongly
asymptotically predictable spacetime M contains a black hole if M is
not in J–(
),
and
M \ J–()
is the black hole region; In non-asymptotically flat spacetimes the notion
seems to be physically less relevant,
and many theorems would not hold.
* Remark: Classically
a black hole can be thought of as a general relativity soliton, but not quantum
mechanically, due to their radiation and instability.
@ I / II: Penrose SA(72); Taylor 73; Peters AS(74);
Asimov 77; Calder 77; in Gribbin 77; Hawking SA(77)jan;
Greenstein 83; Luminet 92; Thorne 94; Begelman & Rees
95; Ferguson 96; Musser SA(03)jul.
@ II: Ruffini & Wheeler PT(71)jan; Droz et al PW(96); Luminet ap/98-in;
Blandford & Gehrels PT(99)jun; Raine & Thomas 05.
@ Reviews: DeWitt2 ed-73 [especially
Hawking, Carter intro]; in Misner et al 73; Wheeler in(73);
Chandrasekhar CP(74),
reprint CP(09);
Bekenstein GRG(82)
[and everyday physics]; Chandrasekhar 83; Novikov & Frolov
89; Strominger ht/95-ln;
Townsend gq/97-ln;
Wadia gq/97;
Bekenstein gq/98-ln;
Frolov & Novikov
98; Horowitz & Teukolsky RMP(99)gq/98;
Wald ed-98; Fré et al
00; Hayward gq/00-in;
Chrusciel LNP(02)gq-in;
Bekenstein ap/04-in
[including astrophysics]; Booth CJP(05)gq [definitions,
boundaries].
@ Refs: Black Holes 70–74 London: Inspec 74; Stephani gq/03 [Laplace
and Schiller]; Gallo & Marolf AJP(09)-a0806.
Geometry and Topology > s.a. event
horizons;
models for topology change [censorship,
genus].
* Hawking's theorem:
If 
=
0, the constant time sections of the horizon of stationary black holes are
topologically spheres.
* Black strings: Gregory
& Laflamme argued that an instability along the extra dimension causes
the Schwarzschild black string to break up into disjoint black holes; Horowitz
and Maeda derived
bounds
on
the rate at which the smallest sphere can pinch off.
@ Near horizon geometry: Balasubramanian & Larsen NPB(98)
[4D]; Cvetic & Larsen NPB(98)
[5D]; Medved et al CQG(04)gq [static
4D]; Kang et al PRD(04)ht [any-D]; > s.a. black
hole entropy.
@ Black rings: Emparan & Reall CQG(06)
[rev]; Elvang et al JHEP(06)ht [dynamics,
instability]; Iizuka & Shigemori PRD(08)
[in 4D]; Chrusciel & Cortier a0807 [geometry]; > s.a. laws
of black hole dynamics.
@ Black strings: Gregory
& Laflamme PRL(93)ht,
NPB(94)ht,
Horowitz & Maeda PRL(01)ht,
Choptuik et al PRD(03)gq,
Kol & Sorkin CQG(04)gq [instability];
Kol & Wiseman CQG(03)ht;
Kol et al PRD(04)ht/03 [and
black holes]; Cardoso & Dias PRL(06)ht [and
membrane]; Kleihaus et al JHEP(06)ht [non-uniform];
Chowdhury et al NPB(07)
[phase transition].
@ In higher dimensions: Helfgott
et al JHEP(06)ht/05;
Galloway
& Shoen CMP(06);
Rácz CQG(08)-a0806 [proof of generalized Hawking theorem].
@ Other topology: Galloway CMP(93);
Chrusciel & Wald
CQG(94)gq;
Chrusciel et al CQG(06)
[no degenerate components for static vacuum]; > s.a. horizons,
modified theories, phenomenology.
@ Related topics: Anderson & Mull gq/97, gq/97-in
[constraints on static geometry]; Parikh PRD(06)ht/05 [3-volume];
Álvarez a0904 [without coordinates].
Related Topics> s.a. horizons;
particle statistics;
quantum black holes; quasilocal
general relativity; solutions; uniqueness
and hair.
* Alternatives: Horizonless
objects that can mimick many black hole properties are gravastars,
boson stars, wormholes and superspinars
@ Interior: Krori et al PLA(88)
[higher dimensional, Schwarzschild-like]; Frolov et al PRD(90);
Poisson & Israel
PRD(90);
Balbinot et al PLA(91);
Bonanno et al PRD(94)gq;
Burnett PRD(95)gq [journey
inside a black hole]; Donets et al PRD(97)
[Einstein-Yang-Mills];
Artemova & Novikov
ap/02 [intro];
Novikov gq/03;
Dafermos gq/03 [charged];
Hamilton & Pollack PRD(05)gq/04,
PRD(05)gq/04 [self-similar,
accreting, charged]; Culetu ht/07;
Lewis & Kwan PASA(07)-a0705 [maximizing
survival time]; DiNunno & Matzner a0801 [interior
volume]; Hamilton & Polhemus a0903 [view from the inside].
@ Initial value problem: Bishop et al PRD(98)gq/97 [multi-black
hole];
Eardley PRD(98)gq/97;
Dain et al PRD(02)gq [spinning,
conformally flat]; Brandt et al CQG(03)gq/02 [distorted].
@ Other properties: Ghosh MNRAS(00)ap/99 [magnetosphere];
Hsu PLB(02) [parity]; > s.a. Gyromagnetic
Ratio.
@ Alternatives to black holes: Verozub & Kochetov AN(01)-a0810 [stability
of supermassive objects]; Chapline ap/05-in
[dark energy stars]; Guzman PRD(06)gq/05 [boson
stars]; Zaslavskii PLB(06)gq;
Schild et al AJ(06)ap
[MECOs as quasar engines]; Lemos & Zaslavskii PRD(07)-a0707 [quasi
black holes]; Cardoso et al PRD(08)-a0709 [instabilities];
Verozub a0806 [in
modified gravity theory]; Visser et al a0902-in; > s.a. Gravastar.
> Mass: see Irreducible
Mass; Mass
Inflation; Smarr
Formula.
> Phenomena: see black
hole analogs and doubles; chaotic
motion; radiation; singularities; Superradiance; thermodynamics.
Other References > s.a. Antigravity; particle
effects and models; phase
transitions; phenomenology;
wormholes.
@ Membrane: Price & Thorne PRD(86),
SA(88)apr; Thorne et al 86; Carter in(92)ht/04 [equilibrium
geometry]; Parikh & Wilczek
PRD(98)gq/97;
Straumann in(98)ap/97;
Parikh ht/99-PhD;
Cardoso et al IJMPD(08)-a0705 [black
objects in higher dimensions].
@ Other points of view: Abramowicz & Sonego 02 [optical geometry];
Laughlin
IJMPA(03)gq-in
[vacuum phase boundaries]; Goldberger & Rothstein GRG(06)ht [tower
of gravity theories]; Gourgoulhon & Jaramillo a0803-in
[hypersurfaces foliated by trapped surfaces]; Skenderis & Taylor PRP(08)-a0804
[fuzzball proposal]; Hamilton & Lisle AJP(08)jun
[river model]; Caldarelli et al a0901 [lump of fluid]; > s.a. horizons [isolated,
dynamical, trapping].
@ Non-singular:
Newman GRG(89);
Berman gq/04;
Hayward PRL(06)
[formation + evaporation]; > s.a. 4D and modified
solutions.
@ Use as computers: Lloyd Nat(00)aug;
Ng PRL(01)gq/00, ht/00-in
[limits]; Hitchcock gq/01 [and
universe information]; Lloyd & Ng SA(04)nov.
@ Related topics: Wald AP(74), PRD(74)
[in uniform B field]; Loustó & Sánchez PLB(88),
IJMPA(89)
[back-reaction]; Davies & Moss CQG(89)
[through a black hole]; Mellor & Moss PLB(89)
[charged in de Sitter, and wormholes]; Mitra ap/04 [???];
Rabinowitz in(05)ap/04 [paradoxes];
Lemos gq/05-in
[and fundamental physics].
@ Arguments against black holes: Moffat ap/97 [galactic
centers];
Robertson ap/98/PASP, ap/98;
Loinger ap/98;
Logunov et al PPN(06)gq/04;
Gershtein
et al gq/06;
Marshall a0707;
Petrovay a0707-in
[counterargument to Vachaspati et al].
Online Resources > see Astronomy Today article; hubblesite.org site; scienceface.org site.
main page – abbreviations – journals – comments – other
sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified
2 jun 2009