Black Holes

In General > s.a. black-hole analogs and doubles; history of relativistic physics; {#einstein}.
* Early idea: Calculation by clergyman John Michell in 1784 for situation in which the escape speed equals c (however, because of addition of velocities, in Newtonian theory light emitted by a moving source could escape).
* History: Schwarzschild solution found early, but before the work of Oppenheimer & Snyder, black holes were not thought of as real astrophysical objects; The term black hole was introduced by Wheeler, in a 29 dec 1967 -BK lecture.
$ Definition: A strongly asymptotically predictable spacetime M contains a black hole if M is not in J^–(), and M \ J^–() is the black hole region; In non-asymptotically flat spacetimes the notion seems to be physically less relevant, and many theorems would not hold.
* Remark: Classically a black hole can be thought of as a general relativity soliton, but not quantum mechanically, due to their radiation and instability.
@ I / II: Penrose SA(72); Taylor 73; Peters AS(74); Asimov 77; Calder 77; in Gribbin 77; Hawking SA(77)jan; Greenstein 83; Luminet 92; Thorne 94; Begelman & Rees 95; Ferguson 96; Musser SA(03)jul.
@ II: Ruffini & Wheeler PT(71)jan; Droz et al PW(96); Luminet ap/98-in; Blandford & Gehrels PT(99)jun; Raine & Thomas 09.
@ Reviews: DeWitt² ed-73 [especially Hawking, Carter intro]; in Misner et al 73; Wheeler in(73); Chandrasekhar CP(74), reprint CP(09); Bekenstein GRG(82) [and everyday physics]; Chandrasekhar 83; Novikov & Frolov 89; Strominger ht/95-ln; Townsend gq/97-ln; Wadia gq/97; Bekenstein gq/98-ln; Frolov & Novikov 98; Horowitz & Teukolsky RMP(99)gq/98; Wald ed-98; Fré et al 00; Hayward gq/00-in; Chrusciel LNP(02)gq-in; Bekenstein ap/04-in [including astrophysics]; Booth CJP(05)gq [definitions, boundaries]; Visser a0901-in.
@ Refs: Black Holes 70–74 London: Inspec 74; Stephani gq/03 [Laplace and Schiller]; Gallo & Marolf AJP(09)-a0806.

Properties and Phenomenology > s.a. censorship; horizons [isolated, dynamical, trapping]; black-hole phenomenology.
@ Mass: Dain a0911-in [angular momentum-mass inequality]; > s.a. Irreducible Mass; Mass Inflation; Smarr Formula.
> Other properties: see black-hole geometry and topology [including interior] and phenomenology; particle statistics.
> Other phenomenology: see chaotic motion; black-hole radiation; singularities; Superradiance; black-hole thermodynamics.

Alternatives to Black Holes > s.a. horizons; quantum black holes; quasilocal general relativity; solutions; uniqueness and hair.
* Alternatives: Horizonless objects that can mimick many black hole properties are gravastars, boson stars, wormholes and superspinars (objects spinning faster that the general-relativistic limit); Fermion balls have been ruled out.
@ General references: Verozub & Kochetov AN(01)-a0810 [stability of supermassive objects]; Chapline ap/05-in [dark energy stars]; Zaslavskii PLB(06)gq; Schild et al AJ(06)ap [MECOs as quasar engines]; Lemos & Zaslavskii PRD(07)-a0707 [quasi black holes]; Cardoso et al PRD(08)-a0709 [instabilities]; Verozub NCB-a0806 [in modified gravity theory]; Visser et al a0902-in; Barceló et al SA(09)oct [black stars], a0909-in [semiclassical collapse]; > s.a. astronomical objects [boson stars, quark stars]; Gravastars; gravitational collapse.
@ Arguments against black holes: Moffat ap/97 [galactic centers]; Robertson ap/98/PASP, ap/98; Loinger ap/98; Logunov et al PPN(06)gq/04; Gershtein et al gq/06; Marshall a0707; Petrovay AIP(08)-a0707 [counterargument to Vachaspati et al].

Other References > s.a. Antigravity; particle effects and models; phase transitions; wormholes.
@ Initial-value problem: Bishop et al PRD(98)gq/97 [multi-black hole]; Eardley PRD(98)gq/97; Dain et al PRD(02)gq [spinning, conformally flat]; Brandt et al CQG(03)gq/02 [distorted].
@ Use as computers: Lloyd Nat(00)aug; Ng PRL(01)gq/00, ht/00-in [limits]; Hitchcock gq/01 [and universe information]; Lloyd & Ng SA(04)nov.
@ Related topics: Wald AP(74), PRD(74) [in uniform B field]; Loustó & Sánchez PLB(88), IJMPA(89) [back-reaction]; Davies & Moss CQG(89) [through a black hole]; Mellor & Moss PLB(89) [charged in de Sitter, and wormholes]; Mitra ap/04 [???]; Rabinowitz in(05)ap/04 [paradoxes]; Lemos gq/05-in [and fundamental physics]; Goldberger & Rothstein GRG(06)ht [tower of gravity theories]; Preti FP(09) [validity of Michell-Lapace argument].

Online Resources > see Astronomy Today article; hubblesite.org site; scienceface.org site.

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send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 16 nov 2009