Wormholes

In General > s.a. causality violations ["time machines"]; spacetime topology; wormhole solutions.
* Idea: Einstein-Rosen "bridges" or "handles," connecting either (i) different universes or regions of one universe (relativists' view), or (ii) two timelike related regions of a universe, representing the transient phenomenon of emission and reabsorption of a baby universe (hep theorists); Usually studied in the Euclidean regime.
* Motivation: Important because they represent non-perturbative features of quantum gravity; Interesting for two reasons,
- Macroscopic: Time travel (need exotic matter –enormous negative pressures– but could be made stable);
- Microscopic: They fix the constants of nature (Hawking – Consequences are unpredictable changes in the constants, loss of information down the holes; Coleman – Consequence is the big fix of the constants, in particular the cosmological constant; Unruh – All wrong, one must include more paths in the calculations).
* Possible observation: Bursts associated with their instability, or microlensing with unusual signature.
* Remark: Wormholes appeared in an episode of "Star Trek: the Next Generation", 03.1990.
@ I: issue disc(89)jun; Halpern 92; in Thorne 94.
@ II: Redmount NS(90)apr28; Clarke Nat(90); Simon PW(94)dec; Visser 95.
@ And phenomenology: Kardashev et al IJMPD(07)ap/06; Damour & Solodukhin PRD(07)-a0704 [mimicking black holes]; Hyun et al a0705-wd [from gravitational collapse]; Strokov & Repin a0709/G&C [perihelion precession and light deflection].

Classical and Semiclassical Aspects > s.a. casimir effect; self-force; lensing; quantum field theory effects [negative energies].
* Traversibility: It is accompanied by unavoidable violations of the weak energy condition ("exotic matter").
@ Framework: Friedman et al PRD(90) [Cauchy problem]; Hayward IJMPD(99)gq/98, gq/03-in [dynamical laws].
@ And time machines: Frolov & Novikov PRD(90); Echeverría et al PRD(91); Antonsen & Bormann qp/96-in.
@ Thermodynamics: Hong & Kim MPLA(06) [T < 0];Martín-Moruno & González-Díaz CQG(09) [laws, thermal emission].
@ Other effects, phenomenology: Frolov & Novikov PRD(93) [as probes of black hole interiors]; González-Díaz PRD(97)gq [on electromagnetic waves]; Hochberg & Visser PRL(98)gq [null energy condition violation]; Aref'eva & Volovich IJGMP(08)-a0710 [production at LCH, as time machines]; Shatskiy a0809 [characteristic features of images]; > s.a. black-hole formation; types of dark matter.
@ Semiclassical: Hawking NPB(91) [effective action]; Khatsymovsky PLB(94) [quantum field theory in curved spacetime]; Hochberg et al PRL(97)gq; Khusnutdinov & Sushkov PRD(02)ht [massive scalar]; Khusnutdinov PRD(03); Garattini CQG(05)gq [self-consistent to graviton 1-loop]; Buniy & Hsu PLB(06)ht/05 [instability]; Garattini & Lobo CQG(07)gq [phantom].
@ And chronology protection: Visser PRD(97)gq.

Quantum Aspects > s.a. kaluza-klein [higher-dimensional dyons]; minisuperspace; FRW quantum cosmology.
* Motivation: Used to explain the smallness of the cosmological constant, and as a mechanism for loss of coherence.
@ General references: Visser PRD(91), MPLA(91) [Planck-size throat]; González-Díaz MPLA(93); Hochberg PRD(95)gq [Lorentzian].
@ And constants of nature: Hawking NPB(90); > s.a. quantum gravity and cosmology [including cosmological constant].
@ And quantum gravity: Hawking MPLA(90), MPLA(90) [baby universes]; > s.a. quantum regge calculus; spacetime foam.
@ Black hole pair creation: Garattini NCB(98)gq/96; González-Díaz IJMPD(97)gq/96.
@ Related topics: Coleman & Lee NPB(90); Hawking & Page PRD(90) [spectrum]; González-Díaz PRD(90) [coherence]; Ellis et al PLB(90), Moss Nat(90)feb [in SQUIDs]; Garfinkle & Strominger PLB(91) [instanton for pair of Reissner-Nordström black holes]; Coleman & Hughes PLB(93) [global charge]; Cavaglià MPLA(94) [Kantowski-Sachs]; Lee & Kim PLB(04) [2D dilaton + ghost Klein-Gordon]; Santini qp/07-in, EPL(07)qp [as origin of EPR correlations]; Garattini CQG(07) [traversable, and equation of state].

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