Black-Hole Uniqueness and Hair| Black-Hole Uniqueness and Hair |
No-Hair and Uniqueness Results > s.a. astrophysical tests
of general relativity; black-hole perturbations; kerr
spacetime; multipole moments.
* Idea: "Hair"
denotes one or more parameters characterizing a black hole that are not
associated with conserved quantities at infinity; The expression
"black holes have no hair," introduced by Wheeler, means that a
stationary black hole is characterized just by the value of those
multipoles that cannot be radiated away; There are no bifurcations from
the Kerr-Newman family of solutions; In particular, uniqueness theorems
prove that there are no other families of solutions of the Einstein equation
with the same parameters; These are global results, and are shown using
Green-like identities and integrals.
* Results: 1984, Established
first for electrovac solutions; They hold also in scalar-tensor theories
and supergravity; There are no static, spherically symmetric
Einstein-Dirac-Maxwell or Einstein-Yang-Mills-Dirac solutions with non-trivial
spinors; 2015, Extended by Gürlebeck to certain types of astrophysical
black holes; 2016, Soft-hair results by Hawking, Perry and Strominger.
* Exceptions: Scalar hair
in Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs systems (but unstable), and higher-curvature
(Gauss-Bonnet, string inspired) gravity (but no new conserved quantum
number).
* No-short-hair theorem:
If a spherically-symmetric static black hole has hair, then this hair must
extend beyond 3/2 the horizon radius; The theorem fails beyond the regime
of spherically-symmetric static black holes.
@ Books, reviews:
Mazur in(87)ht/01;
Chruściel CM(94)gq;
Bekenstein gq/96-conf;
Heusler HPA(96)gq,
96,
LRR(98);
Carter gq/97-MG8;
Chruściel et al LRR(12)-a1205.
@ General references: Etesi CMP(98)ht/97 [stationary black holes];
Vigeland PRD(10)-a1008 [multipole moments of bumpy black holes];
Bhattacharya PRD(13)-a1307 [massive forms and spin-1/2 fields];
Gürlebeck PRL(15)
+ viewpoint Ashtekar Phy(15)-a1504 [static axisymmetric black holes with surrounding matter].
@ Gravitational-wave-based tests:
Thrane et al PRD(17)-a1706;
East & Pretorius PRL(17)
[long-lived hair from superradiant instability, and gravitational-wave signature];
Carullo et al PRD(18)-a1805 [ringdown phase of binary coalescence];
Isi et al PRL(19)-a1905 [GW150914];
Ota & Chirenti PRD(20)-a1911.
@ Other phenomenology: Lyutikov a1209-proc [astrophysical black holes];
Johannsen CQG(16)
+ CQG+,
Cardoso & Gualtieri CQG(16)-a1607 [electromagnetic tests, status];
Herdeiro & Radu CQG+(17);
news sn(19)sep [evidence from the ringing of a black hole];
Allahyari & Shao a2102 [GRO J1655-40].
@ Extensions: Dobkowski-Ryłko et al PRD(18)-a1803 [local version];
Barceló et al CQG(19)-a1901 [compact objects without event horizons].
Related topics:
see results and solutions for specific types of hair
\ black-hole solutions.
Modified Theories
> s.a. scalar-tensor theories; types of black-hole hair.
* In higher dimensions:
In more than four dimensions, the conventional uniqueness theorem for
asymptotically flat spacetimes does not hold, i.e., black objects cannot
be classified only by their mass, angular momentum and charge.
@ In general: Ayón-Beato et al PRD(00)gq/99 [metric-affine gravity];
Vigeland et al PRD(11)-a1102 [bumpy black holes];
Skákala & Shankaranarayanan PRD(14)-a1312 [Lovelock gravity];
Sultana & Kazanas GRG(18)-a1810 [in R2 gravity].
@ Proca field:
Ayón-Beato in(02)gq;
Zilhão et al CQG(15)-a1505 [very long-lived Proca field condensates];
Herdeiro et al CQG(16)-a1603;
Fan JHEP(16)-a1606.
@ Higher-dimensional: Mazur & Bombelli JMP(87) [5D Kaluza-Klein theory];
Gibbons et al PRL(02)gq;
Kol ht/02;
Reall PRD(03) [supersymmetric, 5D];
Rogatko PRD(03)ht,
PRD(04) [5D sigma-models, stationary],
PRD(06);
Hollands et al CMP(07)gq/06 [stationary rotating implies axisymmetric];
Hollands & Jazadjiev CQG(08) [5D Einstein-Maxwell];
Hollands & Yazadjiev CMP(11)-a0812 [D-dimensional stationary Kaluza-Klein black holes];
Figueras & Lucietti CQG(10)-a0906;
Mizuno et al PRD(10)-a0911 [and Penrose inequality];
Yazadjiev PRD(10) [5D Einstein-Maxwell gravity],
JHEP(11)-a1104 [5D Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity];
Anabalón et al PRD(11)-a1108 [with gravitational hair];
Hollands CQG(12)-a1204 [uniqueness and new thermodynamic identities in 11D supergravity];
Hollands & Ishibashi CQG(12)-a1206 [rev].
@ 5D supergravity: Gutowski JHEP(04)ht;
Tomizawa et al PRD(09)-a0901;
Armas & Harmark JHEP(10) [multiple disconnected horizons];
Tomizawa PRD(10)-a1007.
@ Generalized no-hair / uniqueness theorems: Wells gq/98 [superstring black holes];
Hod PRD(16)-a1612 [spherically symmetric reflecting stars].
@ Hairy situations: Dubovsky et al JHEP(07)-a0706 [Lorentz-violating theories of massive gravity];
Brito et al PRD(13)-a1309 [massive graviton hair].
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