Nature and Structure of Matter  

In General > s.a. elements; particle physics; quantum field theory.
* Evolution: Main theme is the idea of atomism, that has been evolving for many centuries; In the XX century quantum theory introduced particle indistinguishability (quantum statistics and free quantum field theory), and transmutability (interacting quantum field theory).
@ General references: Modinos 96 [II]; Amato 97 [I, r pw(98)mar]; Barton 97 [I]; Kibler in(04)qp/03 [group theory and classification].
@ History: Wilczek phy/01-in [Fermi's role]; Scholz m.HO/04-in [Weyl]; Haw 06 [atomic structure, r pw(07)feb]; Anastopoulos 08; Woolfson 09.
@ Plasma: Pinheiro phy/07 [genesis of the word]; > s.a. magnetism [plasma physics or magnetohydrodynamics].
> At various scales: see atomic physics; condensed matter; gas; fluids; meta-materials; molecular physics; nuclear physics; particles.

Antimatter > s.a. CPT; particles and experimental particle physics.
* Motivation: Use to study CPT violations, coupling to gravity.
* History: 1930, Prediction by P A M Dirac of antiparticle counterparts of the known particles; 1932, Discovery by C D Anderson of the e+; 1955, Discvery of the p-bar; 1993...1999, NASA Bess project, a balloon looking for antimatter in cosmic rays; 1996, Anti-H obtained, but quickly annihilated; 2000, Plans to produce and store anti-H; 2001, Precise determination of p-bar charge and mass by Japanese-European collaboration at the CERN Antiproton Decelerator (values agree with those for p within 6 10–8); 2005, anti-H produced at 2400 K, way too hot for precise spectroscopy.
* Masses: mp = mp-bar within 10–10 (1998, Gabrielse et al).
@ General references: Schiff PRL(58) [positive m]; Peach PW(91)dec [baryon asymmetry]; Greenland CP(97); Tarlé & Swordy SA(98)apr [cosmic]; Weiss ed-99 [e+]; Zichichi RNC(01) [review]; Massó & Rota PLB(04)ap [gravitational field]; Eades pw(05)oct [antiprotonic He].
@ Anti-H: news PW(93)jul, 44; Charlton et al PRP(94); Hall & Gabrielse PRL(96) + pn(96)nov; news pw(04)aug; Holzscheiter et al PRP(04) [including CPT and equivalence principle]; Collins SA(05)jun; Charlton & Hangst pw(05)oct; Charlton et al CP(08) [precision tests].
@ Applications: Gsponer & Hurni phy/05 [weapons].
> In gravitation, cosmology, and astrophysics: see cosmic rays; observational cosmology; quantum-gravity phenomenology.

Mathematical Models of Matter Properties > s.a. Anderson Localization; Hubbard Model; Luttinger Liquid.
* Idea: In classical matter each particle can be considered as an individual entity, whereas in quantum matter the behavior of particles can only be described collectively; Many types of quantum matter (the electron gas, the magnetic properties of many insulating materials and the normal and superfluid phases of helium at very low temperatures) are quite well understood theoretically despite this, but the behaviour of some forms of quantum matter with strong correlations (high-temperature superconductors, various exotic types of magnet, and the quark-gluon plasma) has proved much more difficult to understand.
@ Reviews: Lieb RMP(76); Thirring in(86); Lieb BAMS(90); Thirring FP(90); Lieb mp/02-in; Lieb & Seiringer 09 [stability].
@ Stability: Dyson & Lenard JMP(67), JMP(68) [no electrostatic collapse]; Loinger NCA(87), NCA(90); Bugliaro et al PRL(96) [nr e's and nucleons]; Lieb & Loss ATMP(03)mp [atoms and molecules]; Manoukian & Sirininlakul PLA(04) [ground state energy]; Balodis CMP(04) [Scott's correction]; Le Bris & Lions BAMS(05) [models in computational quantum chemistry].
@ Coherence and semiclassicality: Frasca cm/05.
@ Relativistic: Conlon CMP(84) [Coulomb gas]; Lieb et al PRL(97)cm; Lieb mp/04 [and QED]; Lieb & Loss CMP(05)mp/04 [thermodynamic limit].
@ Related topics: Theil CMP(06) [crystallization, in 2D]; Piasecki PhyA(09) [statistical-mechanics characterization of inhomogeneity]; Quintanilla & Hooley pw(09)jun [strong correlations and experiments with ultracold atoms]; & Fefferman [gas of H atoms]; Thirring.

Food and Drinks
* Q: Why do small bubbles in Guinness beer sink rather than rise? Because of the drag by liquid flowing down.
@ In general: Kurti 88 [Royal Society]; Kurti & This-Benckhard SA(94)apr; Barham 01 [r pw(01)feb]; McGee 04; Kinouchi et al NJP(08) [culinary evolution, statistics of ingredients and recipes].
@ Solid food: PW(91)oct, p41 [cakes]; PW(94)sep, p49 [chocolate wafers]; Audoly & Neukirch PRL(05) + pw(05)sep [spaghetti breaking]; Windhab PT(06)jun [chocolate consistency].
@ Drinks: Amerine SA(64)aug [wine]; Arnold SA(89)jun [absinthe]; Shafer & Zare PT(91)oct [beer]; De Keersmaecker SA(96)aug [lambic]; Illy SA(02)jun [coffee]; Liger-Belair SA(03)jan [champagne], 04 [r pw(04)dec]; Gianino AJP(07)jan ["moka" coffee pot]; Polidori et al AS(09)jul [champagne]; Denny 09 [beer].
@ Related topics: McGee et al PT(99)nov [heat transfers in cooking].
> Online resources: Science of Cooking website [08.2005].

Other Types > s.a. astronomical objects [strange matter]; technology.
@ Dense matter: Celebonovic ap/02-in [for astro]; Braun-Munzinger & Wambach RMP(09) [strongly interacting, phase diagram].
@ Mirror matter: Foot PLB(99)ap [stars], PLB(99)ap [planets], PLB(01)ap [planets], APPB(01)ap, APPB(01), IJMPA(04)ap/03, & Silagadze APPB(01)ap [planets]; Foot & Volkas PRD(00)hp/99 [neutrinos as dark matter], et al PLB(01)ap/00 [photons]; Ciarcelluti ap/03-PhD [cosmology]; Foot PLB(06) [gauge models], IJMPA(07)-a0706 [rev]; Berezhiani et al a0902 [and galactic rotation curves]; Foot a0909 [and CDMS low-energy electron recoil spectrum]; > s.a. anomalous acceleration, gamma-ray astronomy [GRBs], universe contents.
@ Mirror matter, as dark matter: Foot IJMPD(04)ap; Mitra PRD(06)ap; Silagadze a0808 [evidence]; Ciarcelluti a0809 [astrophysical tests].

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