Magnetism: Effects and Phenomenology

Effects In General > s.a. nuclear physics [fusion]; superconductivity.
* Barnett effect: The magnetization of a rotating body, discovered in 1915 by S J Barnett; > s.a. gravitomagnetism.
* Larmor frequency: The precession frequency of a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field; Example: For a particle with classical gyromagnetic ratio = q/2mc, its value is _L = –qB/2mc.
* Maximum value: According to a QED calculation of the effect of a magnetic field on positronium, the maximum magnetic field is 10⁴² G, since at a higher value "the vacuum would explode by producing collapsed positronia".
* Magnetic cooling: A.k.a. magnetocaloric effect, the cooling caused by heat absorption by previously aligned magnetic nuclei when the external magnetic field is removed.
@ General references: Farley & Price AJP(01) [long, finite solenoid]; Jancewicz & Brzeski EJP(05) [magnetic field surfaces]; Shabad & Usov PRL(06) + pw(06)may [maximum value]; Labinac et al AJP(06) [cylindrical coil].
@ Effects on charges: Gascón & Peralta-Salas PLA(04) [impossibility of reaching source wires]; Rousseaux phy/05 [j A interaction]; > s.a. quantum systems.
> Other effects: see Bohr Magneton; Hall Effect; quantum measurement.

In Astrophysics and Cosmology > s.a. contents of the universe; galaxies [including Milky Way]; galaxy evolution; neutron stars.
* Milky Way: The magnetic field in Stanev's model is parametrized as

B_MW = (3R/r) cos( – ln r/r₀) exp{–z/z₀}   (not that good near galactic center).

* Interstellar: One way to detect a B field in interstellar space is to look for polarization of starlight passing through it.
@ Reviews: Maartens Pra(00)ap; Han ASS(01)ap/00-in [Milky Way].
@ Estimates: Anchordoqui & Goldberg PRD(02)hp/01 [local intergalactic B > 10^–8 G]; Clarkson et al CQG(03)ap/02 [bounds from cmb]; Ferretti & Johnston-Hollitt ap/04-in, Ensslin et al ap/05-in [galaxy clusters]; Opher et al Sci(07)may-a0705 [local interstellar].
@ Primordial: Garretson et al PRD(92)hp; Field & Carroll PRD(00); Durrer & Caprini JCAP(03) [and causality]; news pw(06)jan [origin].; de Souza & Opher ap/06 [origin in electromagnetic fluctuations]; Durrer ap/06-in, Yamazaki et al ApJ(06)ap, ap/06-in [and cmb]; Yamazaki et al PRD(06)ap [and large-scale structure]; Battefeld et al a0708 [cosmic string loops]; > s.a. modified electromagnetism.
@ And inflation: Giovannini & Shaposhnikov PRD(00); Bamba & Sasaki JCAP(07)ap/06.
@ Origin: Widrow RMP(02)ap/02; Gaensler et al NAR(04)ap; Dar & De Rújula PRD(05) [winds and cosmic rays]; Subramanian a0802-in.

Gravitation-Related > see black holes and black hole phenomenology; cosmological perturbations; duality [dual-magnetic mass]; gravitomagnetism; matter in cosmology; tests of general relativity [gravity of magnetic fields]; weyl tensor.

Other Phenomenology > s.a. magnetism [in matter, plasma physics].
@ References: Erlichson AJP(89), AJP(98) [Biot-Savart experiment]; Duncan ap/00-in [physics of very high B's]; > s.a. qed phenomenology.

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