Matter and Fields near Black Holes| Matter and Fields near Black Holes |
Various Effects > s.a. cosmic censorship [black-hole spinup];
geodesics; maxwell and dirac
fields in curved spacetime; neutrinos; Phantom Fields.
* Energy extraction: Motivated by
the search for viable models for the central engine of quasars, AGNs, and GRBs;
One proposal is the Blandford-Znajek process, in which relativistic charged particle
jets are emitted by the magnetic field surrounding a black hole, with the emanating
plasma jets being treated as a continuous fluid; Another mechanism is the Penrose
process, in which the plasma around a black hole is treated as a collection of
charged particles.
* Infalling particles: Particles
with high orbital angular momentum l will not fall into a black hole; For a
Schwarzschild black hole, the maximum value of an infalling particle's l is 4;
For a Kerr black hole of angular momentum parameter a, an infalling particle's
l must satisfy −2 [1 + (1+a)1/2]
< l < +2 [1 + (1−a)1/2].
* Colliding particles:
For two infalling particles of mass m that start from rest at infinity and
collide near the surface of a Schwarzschild black hole, the maximum center-of-mass
energy is 2·51/2 m;
Near a maximal (a = 1) Kerr black hole the maximum is
21/2 m
[(l2−2)
/ (l1−2)
+ (l1−2)
/ (l2−2)]1/2.
* Infalling matter: The
signature for radiation from a companion in a binary system, accretion disk,
especially X-rays, includes no pulsating character, but possibly with modulation
from disk and black-hole spin.
* Black-hole bomb: A spontaneous
spindown effect arising from a superradiant instability and leading to an explosion;
The existence of fast-spinning black holes can be used to constrain the mass of
light exotic particles.
@ General references: Hod PRD(11)-a1201 [the fastest way to circle a black hole];
Witek et al PRD(13)-a1212 [massive vector fields and instabilities];
Sadeghian PhD(13)-a1308 [star clusters and dark matter];
Penna PRD(14)-a1406 [black hole Meissner effect];
Berti a1410-ln [rev];
Wang a1606-PhD [scalar and vector fields].
@ Bombs, explosions: Hod PLB(13)-a1304 [no-bomb theorem, Reissner-Nordström black holes];
Cardoso GRG(13)-a1307-conf;
Pani & Loeb PRD(13) [and spectral distortions of the cmb].
@ Energy extraction: Li & Paczyński ApJL(00)ap;
Krolik AIP(01)ap/00 [magnetic];
Frolov & Fursaev PRD(01)ht/00 [with cosmic strings];
Kim et al JCAP(03) [magnetic alignment];
Straumann AIP(08)-a0709 [rev];
Finster et al CMP(09) [rigorous treatment];
Liu et al ApJ(12)-a1207 [from a non-Kerr rotating black hole];
Schnittman PRL(14)-a1410 [from a Kerr black hole];
news pt(19)feb;
> s.a. Penrose Process.
@ Infalling matter: Tanaka et al Nat(95)jun [gravitational redshift];
Chakrabarti IJP-ap/98 [rev];
Biermann et al ap/02-proc;
Baushev IJMPD(09)-a0805 [colliding particles];
Jacobson & Sotiriou PRL(09) [overspinning with a test body];
Funkhouser PRS(10) [particle absorption, and thermodynamics];
Bouhmadi-Lopez et al PRD(10)-a1003 [overspinning no-go result];
Iocco & Pato PRL(12)
+ news sn(12)jul [lithium synthesis];
news at(13)apr [supermassive black hole in NGC 4845 and brown dwarf];
Brustein & Medved a1503,
Afshordi & Yazdi CQG(17) [with firewall];
Mazzitelli EJP-a2006 [on energy divergence, pedagogical];
> s.a. phenomenology [infalling observer].
@ Jet formation: Koide et al ap/99-TX19,
ApJ(00)ap/99;
de Felice & Zanotti GRG(00)ap/99;
Gariel et al A&A-gq/07 [from Penrose process];
Yunes Sci(10)-a1009;
Palenzuela et al CQG(11)-a1102 [robustness of the Blandford-Znajek mechanism];
> s.a. astrophysics; Jets;
supermassive black holes.
@ Other phenomena:
news E&S(15)oct
+ JPL(15)oct [X-ray flare from Mrk 335 corona observed].
> Related topics: see chaotic
motion; Superradiance; tests
of general relativity with light and with orbits.
References
> s.a. gamma-ray astronomy; gravitational
lensing; phenomenology [including magnetospheres].
@ General references: Kuchiev PRD(04)gq/03,
EPL(04)gq/03 [albedo];
de Diego et al GRG-ap/04 [electric charge].
@ Accretion: Chakrabarti PRP(96)ap;
Watarai & Mineshige PASJ-ap/03 [inner disk edge];
Das MNRAS(02)ap [transonic aspects],
MNRAS(04)ap/03 [matter close to event horizon];
McKinney ap/05/ApJ,
ap/05/ApJ [and jet formation];
news pw(08)apr [optical bursts];
Abramowicz et al ed-10;
Takahashi & Harada CQG(10) [thermal X-ray spectrum and Kerr bound on angular momentum];
Korobkin et al PRD(11) [stability of accretion disks];
Abramowicz & Fragile LRR(13) [rev];
Blaes SSR(14)-a1304 [rev];
Joshi et al CQG(14)-a1304 [distinguishing black holes from naked singularities];
Begelman a1410-proc;
> s.a. black-hole perturbations; Penrose Diagram.
@ Black holes as accelerators: Jacobson & Sotiriou PRL(10)-a0911 [Kerr black holes];
Lake PRL(10)-a1001;
Zaslavskii JETPL(10)-a1007 [non-rotating charged black holes],
PRD(10) [rotating black holes];
Zaslavskii CQG(11)-a1011 [general explanation],
PRD(11)-a1104 [kinematic explanation];
McWilliams PRL(13)-a1212 [won't work];
Grib & Pavlov EPL(13)-a1301;
Zaslavskii PRL(13)-a1301;
Harada & Kimura CQG(14)-a1409 [rev];
Grib & Pavlov G&C(15)-a1410 [and observation of high-energy particles];
news pw(15)mar [use by alien civilizations?];
Zaslavskii EPL-a1603 [for spinning particles];
> s.a. kerr black holes.
@ Effects on light: Johannsen ApJ(13)-a1501 [photon rings around Kerr and Kerr-like black holes];
Pan & Xu a1704 [spin-orbit interaction and light twist].
@ Observers around black holes: Natário GRG(13)-a1207 [optimal escape from a stable circular orbit];
Biswas a1504 [spaceship near the horizon].
@ Horizon evidence: Menou et al ap/97-MG8, gq/98-GR15;
García et al ApJ(01)ap/00;
Narayan & Heyl AIP(02)gq;
Abramowicz et al A&A(02)ap [no proof];
Done & Gierliński MNRAS(03)ap/02 [signature];
Narayan A&G(03)ap [no X-ray bursts];
Barbieri & Chapline PLB(12)-a0812 [gamma-ray spectrum].
@ Scattering: Sánchez ht/97;
Levin PRD(99)ap/98 [echo from chaotic scattering];
Grib & Pavlov a1007 [particle collisions near Kerr black holes].
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