Tests of General Relativity – Light Deflection| Tests of General Relativity – Light Deflection |
In General
> 
s.a. lensing;
phenomenology of gravity; Runge-Lenz Vector.
* Prediction: For a light ray grazing
the Sun, using the Schwarzschild metric δφ = 1.75".
* Results: Consistent with γ
= 1; 1989, Analysis of radio waves using VLBI in progress, estimate σ(γ)
= 0.002; 2005, VLBA results determined γ with an accuracy of 0.0003 using
the deflection of four compact radio sources by the solar gravitational field.
* Remark: In general relativity, although
particle paths depend on orientation of spin, there is no optical birefringence
(> see polarization).
@ Observations: Dyson et al PTRS(20),
Dyson Nat(21)feb [May 29, 1919 eclipse];
Fomalont & Sramek PRL(76),
Lebach et al PRL(95) [radio waves by the Sun];
news sn(17)jun [starlight deflection by distant star];
Bruns CQG(18)
and CQG+ [reenactment of Eddington's measurement with the August 2017 eclipse].
@ Theory, in Schwarzschild spacetime: Lerner AJP(97)dec;
Iyer & Petters GRG(07) [analytical perturbation framework];
Pérez & Lamine EJP(18)-a1806 [historical];
Poutanen A&A(20)-a1909 [accurate analytic formula].
@ Theory, in general:
Palatini MSAI(23)-a1608;
Richter & Matzner ASS(81),
PRD(82),
PRD(82) [rotating star];
Bruckman & Esteban AJP(93)aug;
Dodelson & Wiegert ap/97 [by vector perturbations];
Gerard & Pireaux gq/99;
Díaz-Miguel PRD(04) [fall in uniform g field];
Magnan a0712 [complete derivation];
Bhadra a1007
[source and observer not at infinity, weak-deflection limit];
Mak et al AHEP(18)-a1805 [Laplace-Adomian decomposition method];
Ono & Asada Univ-a1906 [finite-distance source and observer];
Arakida a2006 [definition of deflection angle].
@ Beyond linear order: Bodenner & Will AJP(03)aug [to second order];
Brügmann PRD(05)gq [post-linear order];
Hioe PLA(09) [exact expression];
Linet & Teyssandier PRD(16)-a1511 [time transfer functions, unified description of Shapiro and lensing effects].
@ And the equivalence principle: Ferraro AJP(03)feb-gq/02;
Díaz-Miguel a0809.
@ Related topics:
Mohanty & Prasanna ap/95 [no birefringence];
Fomalont et al IAU(10)-a0912;
Unnikrishnan & Gillies IJMPD(09) [classical, quantum, and exotic light];
Li & Chang PRD(10) [quantum gravity effects];
> s.a. history of relativistic physics [1919 eclipse expedition].
By Different Objects / In Other Theories of Gravity
> s.a. brans-dicke phenomenology; cosmic-string
phenomenology; torsion phenomenology.
@ In Schwarzschild-de Sitter / Kottler spacetime:
Islam PLA(83);
Lake PRD(02);
Rindler & Ishak PRD(07)-a0709 [non-vanishing effect];
Gibbons et al CQG(08)-a0808;
Miraghaei & Nouri-Zonoz GRG(10)-a0810 [Newtonian limit];
Bhadra et al PRD(10)-a1007;
Arakida & Kasai PRD(12)-a1110;
Lebedev & Lake a1308,
a1609;
Hammad MPLA(13)-a1309;
Butcher PRD(16)-a1602;
Faraoni & Lapierre-Leonard PRD(17)-a1608 [using the Hawking quasilocal mass, and varying cosmological acceleration];
Arakida GRG(18)-a1708 [definition of the total deflection angle];
Takizawa et al PRD(20)-a2001.
@ With cosmological constant, other metrics: Freire et al GRG(01)gq/02 [with a conical defect].
@ By planets: Kopeikin ap/03 [Jupiter];
Crosta & Mignard CQG(06)ap/05 [and Gaia mission];
Kopeikin & Makarov PRD(07)gq/06 [planetary multipoles];
Malkin et al SSR(09)-a0907 [radio sources];
Fomalont & Kopeikin IAU(07)-a0912 [VLBA results].
@ Kerr metric:
Iorio NCB(03)gq/02;
Kraniotis CQG(05)gq [and Kerr-AdS];
Edery & Godin GRG(06) [second-order, equatorial];
Iyer & Hansen PRD(09) [equatorial];
Iyer a1810 [asymmetry from frame dragging].
@ Other isolated-object metrics: Ruggiero et al IJMPD(06) [rotating sources, and quadrupole moments];
Sultana PRD(13) [Kerr-de Sitter];
Hu et al AHEP(14)-a1312 [spherically symmetric spacetime, with cosmological constant];
Kraniotis GRG(14)-a1401 [Kerr-Newman and Kerr-Newman-AdS];
Ahmadi & Sedaghatmanesh a1501 [binary system];
Aghili et al GRG(17)-a1408,
Piattella PRD-a1508,
Univ(16)-a1609 [McVittie metric];
Ono et al PRD(18)-a1806 [rotating wormhole];
news cosmos(18)jun [galaxy ESO 325-G004, 450 Mly away];
Hsiao et al PRD(20)-a1910 [Kerr-Newman black holes].
@ In Weyl gravity: Edery & Paranjape PRD(98)ap/97 [and delay];
Pireaux CQG(04),
CQG(04)gq;
Cattani et al PRD(13).
@ Related topics: Durrer PRL(94) [in perturbed FLRW spacetime];
Özer & Delice CQG(18)-a1708 [modified gravity with a cosmological term].
@ Quantum-gravity motivated: Tso & Bailey PRD(11)-a1108 [with Lorentz symmetry violation];
Bjerrum-Bohr et al PRL(15)-a1410 [in quantum gravity, one-loop gravitational amplitude];
Xu & Yang JMP(18)-a1709 [higher-order theories].
Examples, Observations, Missions
* LATOR: A proposed mission
that would send two laser-transmitter spacecraft behind the Sun to measure the
relative gravitational light bending of their signals using a hundred-meter-baseline
optical interferometer, to be constructed on the ISS; Should allow a simultaneous
determination of the orbit parameters of the spacecraft and of γ
with an uncertainty of 2.4 × 10−9,
a 6 × 10−9 determination of the
solar quadrupole moment J2, and
the first measurement of the second-order post-PPN parameter δ
to an accuracy of about 10−3.
@ LATOR mission: Turyshev et al CQG(04)gq/03-conf,
NPPS(04)gq,
ASR(07)gq/04-conf,
IJMPD(04)gq-conf,
ESA-gq/05,
in(06)gq;
Plowman & Hellings CQG(06)gq/05;
Turyshev & Shao IJMPD(07)gq-proc.
@ Related topics: Zschocke & Klioner a1007 [simplification, for Gaia astrometry mission];
news pt(17)jun
[weighing white dwarf Stein 2051 B with light];
Bruns CQG(18)-a1802 [analysis of observations during the 2017-08-21 eclipse].
main page
– abbreviations
– journals – comments
– other sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 14 feb 2021