Galaxies

In General > s.a. galaxy distribution and evolution; gravitating matter [modeling].
@ Books: Kaufmann 79 [I]; Hubble '82'; Hodge 86 [I]; Binney & Merrifield 98 [II/III]; Padmanabhan 02 [and cosmology]; Sparke & Gallagher 07 [II]; Binney & Tremaine 08.
@ Other references: Capozziello et al gq/99, gq/99 [and Planck's constant?]; Russell ASS(05), ASS(05)ap [intrinsic redshifts?].
> Online resources: Internet Encyclopedia of Science pages.

Classification, Types of Galaxies > s.a. galaxy evolution [active galactic nuclei]; objects [globular clusters].
* In terms of their shape: Irregular (Irr); Spiral (S0, Sa, Sb, Sc), richer in gas (star formation); Barred spiral (SB0, SBa, SBb, SBc); Elliptic (E0... E7), giants up to 10⁵ pc, 10¹² solar masses, denser and hotter; The majority of galaxies are dwarf ellipticals, but most of the large ones are spirals.
* In terms of emission: Quiet and active (Radio, Seyfert, Emission line BL Lacertae objects).
* In terms of size: Dwarf galaxies go down to 10³ pc, 10⁷ M_Sun.
* Questions: How fundamentally different are the various kinds of active galaxies listed, and how many of the differences just depend on our observations? How many differences are a function of time and change with colisions and mergers?
@ By neural network: Lahav et al ap/95; Mahonen & Hakala ap/95.
@ Classification system: Van den Bergh AJ(97)ap; Conselice MNRAS(06)ap; van den Bergh A&A-a0808 [luminosity-diameter relation].
@ Types: Dunlop pw(97)jan [radio]; Bothun SA(97)feb [low surface brightness]; Collins CP(99) [primeval]; Blain ap/00-in [starburst]; Beck SA(00)jun [dwarf starburst]; van den Bergh AJ(07)-a0706 [in general]; Gadotti a0802-in [barred]; Kitchin 07 [r PT(08)jun].
@ Structure: Maciejewski & Sparke ap/98-in [bars and structure]; Voglis et al MNRAS(06)ap [invariant manifolds and chaotic orbits in spiral galaxies]; Jog & Combes PRP(09) [lopsided spiral galaxies].
@ Related topics: Lintott & Land pw(08)sep [Galaxy Zoo project].

Motion, Rotation and Other Features
* Motion, in general: For neighboring galaxies the relative motion is mostly dictated by their gravitational attraction, and the effects of dark matter and dark energy; Taking into account the latter, one finds that global expansion starts setting in about 5 Mly from us, as observed.
* Tully-Fischer relation: A relationship between galaxy brightness and rotation rate.
@ Tully-Fischer relation: Giovanelli ap/96-in; Kannappan et al AJ(02)ap [scatter]; Russell ApJ(04)ap [type dependence].
@ Individual galaxies: Dressler SA(87)sep [streaming]; Giovanelli ap/96-in [deviations from Hubble flow]; Hudson ap/99-in; Courteau & Dekel ap/01-in; Godlowski et al GRG(05)ap [angular momenta, and clusters].
@ Satellite velocity dispersion: Zhao et al ApJ(02)ap [theory]; Jing & Börner ApJ(04)ap; Brainerd ap/04/ApJ.
@ Pairs of galaxies: Juszkiewicz et al ApJL(99)ap/98 [relative v]; Hashimoto et al ApJ(03)ap/02 [orbit evolution]; Azzaro et al ap/03-in [satellites].
@ Groups and satellites: Sales & Lambas MNRAS(05)ap/04 [statistics]; Macciò et al MNRAS(05)ap/04 [de and local Hubble flow]; Zentner et al ApJ(05)ap [anisotropic distribution]; Agustsson & Brainerd ApJL(06)ap/05, Yang et al MNRAS(06)ap, Kang et al MNRAS(07)ap [alignment]; Moffat & Toth a0708 [and modified gravity].
@ Rotation curves: Sofue & Rubin ARAA(01)ap/00; Negi G&C(03)ap/04 [and general relativity]; > s.a. dark matter.
@ Velocity fields: Feldman ap/03-in [and cosmology]; Haugboelle et al ApJ(07)ap/06, Hannestad et al JCAP(08) [from type Ia SNs]; Ayaita et al a0908 [anomalously large bulk flows].
@ Chemical abundances: Köppen et al MNRAS(07)ap/06 [mass-metallicity relation]; Bresolin et al ApJ(09)-a0905 [NGC 300].
@ Other topics: Smolin ap/96 [model]; Veilleux et al ARAA(05)ap [galactic winds]; Fukugita & Peebles ApJ(06)ap/05 [massive coronae]; Haffner et al RMP(09) [warm ionized interstellar medium]; > s.a. magnetism.

Specific Galaxies > s.a. black-hole phenomenology; galaxy distribution [Local Group]; milky way galaxy.
* Closest ones: The closest clustering outside the local group is the Antlia-Sextans, at 1.36 Mpc.
* M31, Andromeda: Distance about 2 Mly.
* M87: In Virgo, d 50 Mly, with jets from 3 × 10⁹ M_Sun black hole.
@ Clusters: van den Bergh ApJL-ap/99 [Antlia-Sextans]; Woudt et al ap/99-in [great attractor].
@ Related topics: Thommes ap/98-in [large redshift]; McConnachie & Irwin MNRAS(06)ap/05 [satellites of M31]; Cox & Loeb MNRAS-a0705 [collision of M31 and Milky Way].

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