Gravitational Collapse| Gravitational Collapse |
In General
* Note: Unless otherwise specified,
in this page gravitational theory is described by 4D general relativity.
* Outcome: Collapse will in
general lead to some singularity, either a black hole or a naked singularity,
as indicated first by the Oppenheimer-Snyder solutions and later more generally
(without symmetry assumptions) by the singularity theorems.
* History: Einstein
[@ AM(39)] did not believe that stars
could collapse to singularities; After the early 1960s, work on gravitational
collapse was divided into two branches, horizons and astronomical effects,
and nature of singularities.
* Time scale: Collapsed objects
should settle to their equilibrium configuration in a time of the order of the
light crossing time (and dependent on the spin of the perturbation).
Quantum aspects:
see models in canonical quantum gravity;
spacetime geometry in quantum gravity.
Spherical Collapse Solutions
> s.a. models in canonical general relativity; numerical
models; types of singularities; Vaidya Metric.
* Oppenheimer-Snyder:
A family of solutions, representing the collapse of a uniform-density dust cloud (star with zero pressure);
> s.a. PRF(04).
@ General references: Christodoulou CPAM(91) [theory];
Dwivedi & Joshi CMP(94) [with matter];
Wagh ap/02 [and accretion, in exact general relativity];
Joshi & Goswami PRD(04)gq/02 [initial data];
Wagh et al gq/02;
Lasky & Lun gq/06-MGXI,
PRD(07)gq/06 [general fluids];
Sharif & Iqbal MPLA(09)-a0812;
Terno a1903 [self-consistent description];
Erdem & Demirkaya a2007 [with dust, metric].
@ Oppenheimer-Snyder:
Oppenheimer & Snyder PR(39);
Misner et al 73, 851–856;
Ilha & Lemos PRD(97) [even dimensions];
Casadio PRD(98)gq [Hamiltonian];
Mitra FPL(00)ap/99 [??];
Marshall a0907 [criticism, no black hole];
Bengtsson et al PRD(13)-a1306 [trapped surfaces];
> s.a. perturbations in general relativity.
@ Scalar field:
Burko & Ori PRD(97) [massless, numerical];
Ziprick & Kunstatter PRD(09)-a0812 [massless, Painlevé-Gullstrand numerical];
Ganguly & Banerjee Pra-a1210;
Kommemi CMP(13) [charged, global structure of spacetime];
Torres & Alcubierre GRG(14)-a1407 [charged];
Guo & Joshi PRD(15)-a1507 [interior dynamics near the singularity];
Saffer et al a2010 [quantum scalar field];
s.a. semiclassical below.
@ Scalar field + cosmological constant: Husain et al CQG(03)gq/02 [spherical, massless].
@ Dust, cosmological background: Markovic & Shapiro PRD(00)gq/99 [homogeneous];
Lake PRD(00)gq [inhomogeneous];
Deshingkar et al PRD(01)gq/00;
Cai & Wang PRD(06) [dark energy];
Bhattacharya et al a1709 [naked singularities].
@ Other fluid: Husain PRD(96)gq/95;
Dadhich et al IJMPA(05) [higher-dimensional];
Gonçalves & Villas da Rocha IJMPD(08) [dark energy, with kinematic self-similarity];
Andréasson et al QAM-a0812 [Einstein-Vlasov];
Sharif & Abbas MPLA(09)-a0905 [with electromagnetic field and cosmological constant];
> s.a. Chaplygin Gas.
Types of Matter and Outcomes of Collapse > s.a. critical
collapse; Hoop Conjecture; wormholes
\ astronomical objects; gravitating bodies.
* Carter-Israel conjecture:
The end-state of the gravitational collapse of matter is a Kerr-Newman black hole.
@ Black holes: Christodoulou CMP(87);
Hod & Piran GRG(98)gq/99 [charged scalar, development of singularity and interior];
Hall & Hsu PRL(90);
Loinger ap/00/NCB [against!];
Giambò et al CQG(02),
Andréasson et al AM(11)-a0706 [spherical, sufficient condition];
Bambi et al a0908-proc [alternatives to Carter-Israel conjecture];
> s.a. black-hole formation and phenomenology.
@ Singularities: Harada et al PRD(00)gq,
PRD(00)gq [explosive radiation];
Ghosh & Dadhich PRD(01)gq [higher-dimensional Vaidya];
Giambò et al CQG(03),
CQG(03);
Goswami et al PRD(04)gq [spherical];
Joshi et al IJMPD(12)-a1107 [genericity of black holes and naked singularities];
Bambi et al PRD(13)-a1305 [singularity avoidance with quantum-gravity motivated effective density];
Bambi et al PLB(14)-a1402 [singularity avoidance from four-fermion interaction];
Chakrabarti a1709-PhD;
> s.a. censorship.
@ Matter shells:
Kuchař CzJP(68) [charged shell];
Gibbons CQG(97)ht [and isoperimetric inequality];
Cho et al ht/00 [magnetic shell].
@ Radiation: Ruffini & Vitagliano IJMPD(03)ap/02 [energy production];
Calogeracos PLA(04)gq [spherical, spectrum];
Ruffini et al IJMPD(05)gq/04 [electromagnetic radiation].
@ Fluid: Goswami & Joshi CQG(04)gq [barotropic perfect fluid];
Herrera et al IJMPD(09)-a0804 [viscous, dissipative];
Ziaie et al EPJC-a1305 [Weyssenhoff fluid, strong curvature naked singularities];
Herrera et al PRD(14)-a1404 [anisotropic dissipative fluid, axisymmetric].
@ Other matter: Gibbons & Steif PLB(93)gq [fermion production];
Jhingan & Magli PRD(00)gq/99 [particle clusters];
Sorkin & Piran PRD(01)gq/00 [charged pair creation];
Adler AJP(05)dec-gq [simple light and pfluid models];
Germani & Tsagas PRD(06) [magnetized Tolman-Bondi];
Lasky & Lun EAS(08)-a0711 [plasma];
> s.a. canonical general relativity models [shells].
References > s.a. numerical models.
@ General: Bergmann PRL(64);
Chiu PT(64)may [radio galaxies];
Harrison et al 65;
Misner in(69);
Penrose RNC(69);
Christodoulou PhD(71),
CMP(84);
Price PRD(72),
PRD(72) [perturbations];
Boulware PRD(73);
Penrose in(78);
Wald JMP(79);
Schoen & Yau CMP(83);
Ori & Piran PRL(87);
Nakamura et al PTPS(87);
Christodoulou in(91);
Eardley JMP(95) [vacuum];
Joshi gq/97-in,
Pra(00)gq-in [rev],
gq/04-in;
Joshi 08;
Herrera AIP-a0909;
Malafarina Univ(17)-a1703 [rev].
@ Entropy of collapsing matter:
Amarzguioui & Grøn PRD(05)gq/04;
Greenwood JCAP(09)-a0811 [time evolution];
> s.a. entropy bounds.
@ Of inhomogeneities / fluctuations: Carr AJ(75);
Herrera et al PLA(98)gq/97.
@ Cylindrical:
Lemos PRD(98) [& toroidal];
Herrera & Santos CQG(05)gq [and gravitational waves];
Ganguly & Banerjee GRG(11)-a1105 [& planar and toroidal].
@ With cosmological constant: Ghosh PRD(00)gq/01 [null fluid, naked singularities];
Madhav et al PRD(05)gq [non-zero tangential p];
Garfinkle et al JHEP(12)-a1110 [massless scalar field, thermalization].
@ With cosmological constant, 2+1: Chan et al IJMPD(06)gq/05 [+ massless scalar];
Gutti CQG(05)gq [+ dust];
Mann et al PRD(09)-a0812 [rotating shell].
@ In higher dimensions:
Debnath & Chakraborty MPLA(03),
GRG(04),
et al GRG(04),
et al GRG(08);
Yoo et al PRD(05)gq [5D, hoop conjecture, including numerical];
Sarwe & Saraykar gq/05;
Goswami & Joshi PRD(07)gq/06 [any D, spherical];
Maier & Soares a0906 [D-branes];
Ghosh & Jhingan PRD(10)-a1004 [5D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet, quasispherical];
Constantineau & Edery PRD(11)-a1103 [numerical, 4D and 5D, thermodynamics];
Taves et al CQG(12)-a1110 [D-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet, Hamiltonian formulation].
@ Semiclassical: Barceló et al PRD(08)-a0712 [fate, questioning black-hole formation];
Ziprick & Kunstatter PRD(10)-a1004;
Tippett & Husain PRD(11)-a1106 [scalar field interior, null fluid exterior];
Balakrishna et al FASS(16)-a1501 [dust sphere];
Benítez et al PRL-a2002 [in lqg];
Guenther et al a2010 [massless quantum scalar field];
> s.a. black holes.
@ Related topics: Misner PR(65) [spherical, with escaping neutrinos];
Hod PRL(00) [rotating, radiative tail];
Joshi et al gq/03 [shear, outcome];
Vachaspati & Stojković PLB(08)gq/07 [and radiation];
Herrera & Barreto IJMPD(11)-a1010 [in comoving coordinates, post-quasistatic approximation];
> s.a. Gravastar.
> Related topics: see AdS-cft;
branes; Chandrasekhar Limit;
minkowski space [stability]; Phantom Fluid [3D];
regge calculus; sources of gravitational radiation.
> In other theories:
see asymptotically-safe gravity; bimetric gravity;
Gauss-Bonnet Gravity; higher-order gravity;
hořava-gravity phenomenology; Horndeski Theory;
lovelock gravity; modified lorentz symmetry
[Einstein-aether theory]; MOND; Relativistic Theory of Gravitation;
scalar-tensor theories.
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