Casimir Effect / Energy / Force  

In General > s.a. quantum field theory phenomenology [negative energies]; vacuum.
* Idea: The QED prediction that the vacuum is modified by the presence of boundaries, which has observable effects; For example, two conducting uncharged infinite parallel plates will feel an attractive force due to vacuum fluctuations of the field, since there are more possible zero-point fluctuations outside the plates.
* Consequences: Tiny as it is, the Casimir effect causes parts in nano- and microelectromechanical systems (NEMS and MEMS) to stick together; Therefore, it confounds tabletop experimental efforts to detect exotic new forces beyond those predicted by Newtonian gravity and the Standard Model of particle physics.
* Calculation: One calculates the stress tensor for the quantized electromagnetic field in the region of interest.
* Value: For plate separation 1 micron, the force is 13 N/m2.
* Scharnhorst effect: The anomalous, faster than c propagation of photons in the Casimir vacuum; > s.a. causality violations.
@ Reviews, intros: Kleppner PT(90)oct; Milton ht/98-in [history], 01; Bordag et al PRP(01)qp; Lambrecht pw(02)sep; Milton JPA(04)ht [progress, rev]; Nesterenko et al RNC(04)ht/05 [recent results]; Klimchitskaya & Mostepanenko CP(06); Farina BJP(06)ht; Lamoreaux PT(07)feb; Mostepanenko qp/07-in; issue JPA(08)#16.
@ Reviews, measurements: Lamoreaux qp/99, AJP(99)RL; Klimchitskaya & Mostepanenko CP(06)qp.
@ Related topics: Casimir PKNAW(48); Sparnaay Phy(58); Israelachvili & Tabor PRS(72); Milonni PRA(82) [without vacuum radiation field]; Plunien et al PRP(86); Belinfante AJP(87); Elizalde NCB(89); Calucci JPA(92) [moving bodies]; Mostepanenko & Trunov 97; Milton ht/99-in, ht/00; Matloob PRA(99) [conducting plates]; Herdegen APPB(01)ht/00; Milton PRD(03)ht/02 [validity]; Valeri & Scharf qp/05 [microscopic theory]; Jaffe PRD(05) [vacuum and forces between charges]; Milton et al ht/06-in [Green function approach]; Bachas JPA(07) [sign of force]; Rodríguez et al a0705 [numerical, arbitrary geometries and materials]; news pw(07)jul [made repulsive by lens]; Milonni PS(07).

Special Topics > s.a. cosmological constant; inertia; sound.
* At finite temperature: 2008, Different theoretical approaches lead to very different predictions for the magnitude of the effect, and no consensus exists yet on the interpretation of recent absolute measurements of the Casimir force.
@ And boundary conditions: Ravndal hp/00-in; Graham et al NPB(02), NPB(04)ht/03 [Dirichlet], comm Milton ht/04-in; Nesterenko ht/05-in [at spatial infinity].
@ T dependence: Genet et al PRA(00); Svetovoy & Lokhanin PLA(01)qp; Klimchitskaya & Mostepanenko PRA(01)qp; Cheng JPA(02) [rectangular cavity]; Brevik et al qp/03-in, PRE(05)qp/04 [in metals]; Høye et al qp/05; Brevik & Aarseth JPA(06); Brevik et al NJP(06)qp [T corrections]; Jáuregui et al AP(06) [rectangular cavity]; Lamoreaux a0801; Brevik & Milton a0802; Bimonte a0807 [superconducting cavity].
@ Measurements: Mohideen & Roy PRL(98)phy; Roy et al PRD(99)qp; Harris et al qp/00; Bressi et al PRL(02)qp; Chen et al PRA(04)qp [and errors]; Lisanti et al PNAS(05)qp [skin depth effect]; Klimchitskaya et al IJMPA(05), JPA(06)in, Chen et al IJMPA(05) [and long-range gravity]; Krause et al PRL(07) [beyond the proximity-force spproximation]; Obrecht et al PRL(07) + pn(07)feb [T-dependence]; Munday & Capasso PRA(07)-a0705 + pw(07)jun [in a fluid]; Esquivel-Sirvent a0708-JAP [reduction using aerogels].
@ Stress-energy tensor between plates: DeWitt in(79); Gibbons in(79); > s.a. energy conditions.
@ Classical analog: Boersma AJP(96) [ships at sea]; news pw(08)jan [critical Casimir effect].
@ Scharnhorst effect: Scharnhorst AdP(98)ht; Liberati et al PRD(01)qp/00; Barone & Farina PRD(05)ht/04 [2-parameter L]; > s.a. causality violations.
@ Radiative corrections: Kong & Ravndal PRL(97)qp; Melnikov PRD(01).
@ Thermal corrections: Mitter & Robaschik EPJB(00)qp/99; Mostepanenko et al qp/05-in [rev]; Geyer et al IJMPA(06).
@ Other topics: Golestanian & Kardar PRL(97)qp [path integral formulation]; Hofmann et al EPJC(99)ht/98 [bag model]; Feinberg et al AP(01)ht/99 [classical limit]; Hagen qp/01 [cutoff, Lorentz invariant]; Scardicchio & Jaffe NPB(05), NPB(06) [optical approach]; Gies & Klingmüller PRL(06) [edge effects].

In Gravitation and Cosmology > s.a. cosmological acceleration; equivalence principle; kaluza-klein.
* Idea: It has been invoked as a stabilization mechanism for the internal Kaluza-Klein dimensions; May occur in cosmology if the cosmological constant originates from zero-point energy; Used as a force between defects and branes.
@ General references: Elizalde ht/03-in [cosmological constant]; Scardicchio PRD(05)ht [codimension > 1]; Sorge CQG(05) [gravitational correction].
@ In R × S3: Brevik et al AP(02)ht; Elizalde & Tort MPLA(04)ht/03 [massive scalar].
@ Qg-motivated: Harbach & Hossenfelder PLB(06)ht/05, ht/05-in, Nouicer JPA(05)ht [and minimal length]; Casadio et al a0704 [non-commutative spacetime].
@ Related topics: Borman & Antonsen ht/96-in; Kong & Ravndal qp/97, qp/97 [with boundary, regularized]; Khabibullin et al CQG(06) [wormhole].

Other Situations > s.a. quantum systems [H atom between plates]; sonoluminescence; sound [acoustic analog].
* Dynamical: Motion-induced photon creation from the quantum vacuum inside closed, perfectly conducting cavities with time-dependent geometries; Related to the Unruh effect; An example is the electromagnetic radiation of moving gravitating bodies (> gravitating matter).
@ Dynamical: Schützhold et al PRA(98)qp [response theory approach]; Dalvit & Mazzitelli PRA(98)qp/97 [renorm group]; Golestanian & Kardar PRA(98)qp [pi approach]; Plunien et al PRL(00)qp/99 [finite T]; Fedotov et al JOB(05) [instantaneous approximation]; Dalvit et al JPA(06)qp [different geometries]; Haro & Elizalde PRL(06)ht, PRD(07)-a0705 [Hamiltonian approach]; Haro IJTP(07), IJTP(07) [scalar fields]; > s.a. mirrors.
@ Spherical: Nesterenko & Pirozhenko PRD(98)ht/97; Bowers & Hagen PRD(99)ht/98; Esposito et al ht/98; Hagen PRD(00)ht/99; Cognola et al JPA(01)ht/99; Høye et al PRE(01)qp/00 [dielectrics].
@ Cylinders: Gosdzinsky & Romeo PLB(98)ht [infinite]; Mazzitelli et al qp/02 [concentric]; Dalvit et al PRA(06) [eccentric].
@ Other geometry: Brevik & Lygren AP(96) [conducting wedge]; Emig et al PRL(01) [shape dependence]; Boyer AJP(03)qp/02 [1D model]; Büscher & Emig PRA(04) [periodic]; Balian & Duplantier qp/04-in [arbitrary]; Hoodbhoy JPA(05)qp/04 [single plate in external V]; Ahmedov & Duru JMP(05) [conical]; Kenneth & Klich PRL(06)qp [reflection]; Ahmadi & Nouri-Zonoz NPB(06) [flat spaces of non-trivial topology]; Schaden ht/06 [shape dependence, semiclassical]; Emig et al PRL(07) [arbitrary compact objects]; Pirozhenko & Lambrecht PRA(08)-a0801 [finite-thickness slabs].
@ In dielectrics: Molina-París & Visser PRD(97)ht; Ford PRA(98)qp [sphere and wall]; Helfer & Lang JPA(99)ht/98 [half space]; Brevik & Pettersen AP(01)qp [wedge]; Sopova & Ford PRD(05)qp [between half-spaces, finite reflectivity].
@ Other materials: Scandurra ht/03 [non-ideal conductor]; Noguez & Román-Velázquez PRB(04)qp/03 [different materials, and geometry]; Bimonte et al PRL(05) [superconducting film and measurement of variation]; Kolomeisky et al a0706 [1D free fermion gas].
@ For fermions: Santos & Tort qp/02; Queiroz et al AP(05)ht/04 [with thermofield dynamics].
@ Other fields: Ostrowski FPL(05) [tachyons].
@ Casimir-Polder force: Dalvit et al PRL(08) [between atom and corrugated surface]; Buhmann & Scheel a0803 [vs thermal Casimir force].
@ Related topics: Jaekel & Reynaud JdP(92)qp/01, JdP(93)qp/01 [motional]; Kenneth & Nussinov PRD(02)ht/99 [small object limit]; Svetovoy & Lokhanin MPLA(00)qp [in Au, detailed]; Avagyan et al PRD(02)ht [in Fulling-Rindler vacuum]; Ostrowski APPB(06)ht/05 [external magnetic field]; Alnes et al PRD(06)qp [with extra dimensions].

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