Gravitational Radiation| Gravitational Radiation |
In General > s.a. detection
[motivation for search]; analysis
[including other theories of gravity]; graviton.
* Idea: Wavelike solutions
of the linearized Einstein equation, propagating at the speed of light;
Ripples in a reference spacetime.
* History: 1918,
Einstein showed that the linearized equation admits such solutions; Many
believed that they would not carry energy/momentum, although calculations
showed they would; 1936, Einstein, Infeld & Rosen state that there are
no gravitational waves, based on the belief that such solutions are singular
(the paper was turned down by a PR referee who claimed it had mistakes;
the referee was Robertson, Einstein was furious, and Robertson turned out
to be right); 1949, Landau pseudotensor; 1950s, Bondi, Feynman argue that
gravitational waves carry energy, and 1957 Chapel Hill Conference
discussion; 1970s, Weber's bar detector; 1980s, Thorne, Damour, well-defined
framework; > s.a. history
of relativistic gravity.
* Evidence: 1999, Indirect, from the
increase of the binary pulsar period (75 × 10−6
sec/yr); 2005, Better binary pulsar.
* Significance:
Their existence supports the idea that spacetime is a real, physical
entity, like water in a pool.
> Online resources:
see Thorne et al Caltech 2002 web-based course;
The Gravitational Lens newsletter;
Marc Favata's Sounds of Spacetime.
Theory > s.a. asymptotic
flatness at null infinity; gauge invariance;
orbits of gravitating bodies [with radiation].
* Properties: Contrary to
the previous opinion of some people, it carries energy and momentum (see
news tensor, Bondi mass, etc); Even perturbatively, tmn(1) ≠ 0
for + and × polarizations; It has spin 2, as can be seen from (a) Linearization
of the Einstein equation around gab
= ηab; In the
weak-field limit the spin appears as the eigenvalue of the corresponding
Casimir operator; (b) Study of the asymptotic theory, for which the
Poincaré group is an exact symmetry group.
* Characterization:
A useful tool is the study of the spin coefficients in the Newman-Penrose
formalism, or the Beetle-Burko radiation scalar, all constructed using the
Weyl tensor (> see spin coefficients,
weyl tensor).
* Mode decomposition:
A global decomposition analogous to the E and B mode
decomposition of electromagnetic waves, which corresponds to the even or
odd parity of the sky pattern of the polarization of the radiation.
* Open questions:
Do general solutions have the falloff required by the scri formalism?
One does not start from Cauchy data and construct full solutions;
An important thing is to try to remove symmetry requirements; Come up
with a coordinate-invariant characterization of gravitational waves for
spacetimes with a positive cosmological constant.
* In scalar-tensor
gravity: Linearized gravitational waves in Brans-Dicke and
scalar-tensor theories carry negative energy.
@ Properties: Trautman BAPS(58)-a1604 [energy flux, from Sommerfeld boundary conditions];
Walker & Dual gq/97 [longitudinal, near field];
Aldrovandi et al FP(07)-a0709 [importance of non-linearity];
Brink PRD(08)-a0807 [and spacetime reconstruction];
Price et al AJP(13)aug-a1212 [comparison with electromagnetic radiation];
Ashtekar & Bonga GRG(17)-a1707 [ambiguity in transverse traceless modes];
Chu & Liu CQG(20)-a1902 [acausality of TT gravitational waves];
Blanchet a1902-CRAS;
Chang et al a2009 [second-order waves];
> s.a. propagation [including speed].
@ Scalar-tensor gravity:
Scharre & Will PRD(02),
Will & Yunes CQG(04) [LISA, waveforms];
Sotani & Kokkotas PRD(04)gq [neutron star seismology];
Faraoni PRD(04) [stability of Minkowski];
Yunes et al PRD(12)-a1112 [extreme-mass-ratio inspirals];
Sotani PRD(14)-a1402 [scalar waves from relativistic stars];
Lang JPCS(15)-a1408 [compact binaries];
Kuntz et al JCAP(19)-a1902 [effective theory];
> s.a. gravitational-wave background.
@ Higher-dimensional gravity:
Cardoso et al PRD(03);
Durrer & Kocian CQG(04) [quadrupole formula and binary pulsar];
Seahra et al PRL(05)gq/04 [branes, spectroscopy];
Alesci & Montani IJMPD(05)gq/04 [5D Kaluza-Klein],
IJMPD(05);
Clarkson & Maartens GRG(05)ap-GRF;
Clarkson & Seahra CQG(07);
McWilliams PRL(10)-a0912;
Yagi et al PRD(11)-a1103 [braneworld gravity];
Andriot & Lucena JCAP(17)-a1704 [signatures];
Kwon et al a1906 [5D Kaluza-Klein modes];
Ganjali & Sedaghatmanesh a1910 [effects on LIGO];
Du et al a2004 [waveform];
> s.a. gravitational-wave
background and sources.
@ Teleparallel gravity: Obukhov et al CQG(09)-a0909 [plane waves];
Sharif & Taj MPLA(10) [cylindrical and spherical waves];
Nashed ChPB(10)-a1101;
Hohmann et al PRD(18)-a1807 [propagation].
@ Higher-order theories: Upadhye & Steffen a1306 [f(R) gravity, monopole radiation];
Lambiase et al JCAP(15)-a1503 [and damping of binary orbital period];
Gürses et al PRD(15)-a1509 [3D higher-derivative gravity];
Hölscher PRD(19)-a1806;
Capozziello et al IJGMP(19)-a1812;
Katsuragawa et al a1902
[f(R) gravity, scalar waves and Chameleon mechanism].
@ With torsion:
Bamba et al PLB(13)-a1309 [f(T) gravity];
Blagojević & Cvetković PRD(14)-a1406 [3D];
Alves et al PRD(16)-a1604 [f(R,T) gravity];
Cai et al PRD(18)-a1801 [f(T), after GW170817 and GRB170817A].
@ Other theories of gravity:
Mirshekari PhD(13)-a1308;
> s.a. astrophysical tests of gravity;
conformal gravity; gravitation [frameworks];
gravity theories [scalar-vector-tensor]; gravitational-wave
analysis; MOND; phenomenology of hořava gravity.
Types and Effects > s.a. angular momentum;
background; early-universe cosmology;
propagation and sources;
thermodynamics.
@ Polarization: Canfora et al PLB(02) [non-linear waves];
> s.a. gravitational-wave sources.
@ Energy-momentum: Abramo PRD(99)ap [very long wavelength];
Cooperstock AP(00)gq/99,
MPLA(99)gq ["no E"];
Garecki AdP(02)gq/01;
Sharif NCB(01)gq,
IJMPA(02)gq/01 [example];
Dereli & Tucker CQG(04) [energy-momentum density];
Mannheim PRD(06)gq [covariant];
Ruiz et al GRG(08)-a0707 [multipole expansion];
Aldrovandi et al IJTP(10)-a0809;
Abbassi & Mirshekari IJMPA(08)-a0908;
Garecki a1612-conf.
@ Background-independent:
Agresti et al GRG(04)gq/03,
gq/03;
Lusanna gq/04-conf,
gq/04-ch.
@ Analog systems: Fernandez-Corbaton et al SRep(15)-a1406 [quantum emulation];
> s.a. emergent gravity [analog simulation].
@ Related topics: Preder & Yourgrau IJTP(77) [shock waves];
Schmidt PRS(87) [near infinity];
Burnett JMP(89) [high-f limit];
van Putten & Eardley PRD(96)gq/95 [as Yang-Mills waves];
Esposito CQG(01)gq [Green functions];
Stewart GRG(06) [shock waves];
Deffayet & Menou ApJL(07)-a0709 [spacetime sirens as probes of new gravity];
Bruschi & Fuentes a1607 [extracting energy];
> s.a. chaotic motion.
Phenomenology: see astronomy [multimessenger astronomy];
electromagnetic waves; gravitational-wave
solutions; petrov-pirani classification.
References
> s.a. canonical quantum gravity; Penrose Inequality;
quantum-gravity phenomenology; stress-energy pseudotensor.
@ Intros, reviews: in Heaviside 1894 [precursor];
Weber 61;
Pirani in(65);
Hawking CP(72),
reprint CP(09);
in Misner et al 73; Zakharov 73;
Walker in(83);
Schutz AJP(84)may,
EAA(00)gq;
Damour in(87);
Thorne 91,
in(95);
Chakrabarty phy/99;
Blanchet LNP(00)gq-in [post-newtonian];
Schutz & Ricci ln(01)-a1005 [sources and detection, pedagogical];
Gibbs SA(02)apr;
Hughes AP(03)ap/02;
Centrella AJP(03)RL-gq/02;
Sathyaprakash gq/04-conf;
Flanagan & Hughes NJP(05)gq;
Maggiore gq/06-fs;
Kennefick 07;
Buonanno a0709-ln;
Maggiore 08, 18;
Sathyaprakash & Schutz LRR(09)-a0903;
Creighton & Anderson 11;
Farr et al AJP(12)-a1109 [in the high-school classroom];
Riles PPNP(13)-a1209;
Cerdonio & Losurdo RNC(12)#8;
Pereira a1305;
Kuroda et al IJMPD(15)-a1511-ch [classification, detection, sources];
Le Tiec & Novak in(17)-a1607;
Prasanna a1610;
Chen et al ChJP(17)-a1610;
van Holten a1611-proc;
de Cesare et al FdP(17)-a1701-ln [as a tensor field in Minkowski spacetime];
Blanchet a1701;
Bieri et al NAMS(17)-a1710 [overview of the mathematics];
Gasperini a1811 [IT];
McWilliams et al a1902 [status];
Cacciatori a2005.
@ Conferences: Smarr ed-79;
Królak ed-97;
Ciufolini et al ed-00;
issue CQG(02)#7 [Amaldi 4];
issue CQG(03)#17 [analysis 7];
issue CQG(04)#5 [Amaldi 5];
issue CQG(04)#20 [analysis 8];
issue CQG(06)#8 [Amaldi 6];
issue CQG(07)#19 [analysis 11];
issue CQG(08)#11 [Amaldi 7];
issue CQG(08)#18 [analysis 12];
issue CQG(10)#8 [Amaldi 8];
issue CQG(10)#19 [analysis 14];
issue CQG(12)#12 [Amaldi 9, NRDA 2011];
> s.a. interferometers.
@ Gravitational Waves Notes:
Amaro-Seoane et al a1002 [#2],
a1005 [#3],
a1009 [#4].
@ General references: Weber & Wheeler RMP(57);
Bondi et al PRS(62);
Sachs PR(62),
PRS(62),
in(64);
Komar PR(64);
Van der Burg PRS(66);
Blanchet & Damour PTRS(86);
Friedrich CMP(86);
Blanchet PRS(87);
Bondi & Pirani PRS(89);
Blanchet et al LNP(01)gq/00;
Ni MPLA(10)-a1003-proc [classification, space-based detectors and dark energy];
Centrella AIP(11)-a1109-TX25;
Ferrando & Sáez CQG(12)-a1111 [Bel's radiative gravitational fields];
Andersson et al CQG(13)-a1305 [transient events, state of the art and challenges];
Collins a1607 [imitation game];
Rostworowski PRD(15)-a1705 [non-linear];
Romero FS-a1708,
Dirkes IJMPA(18)-a1802 [conceptual];
Fernández-Álvarez & Senovilla a1909 [novel characterisation].
@ Different points of view:
Denisov & Logunov TMP(80) [non-existence];
Burdet & Perrin LMP(92) [gravitons];
Loinger ap/98,
ap/99,
ap/99,
ap/99/NCB,
ap/99/NCC,
NCB(00)ap,
gq/00 [speed of thought!];
Marshall a0707;
Chakalov's site;
Pereira a1305 [conceptual issues].
@ And quantum theory: Ashtekar PRL(81),
JMP(81),
in(81) [asymptotic quantization];
Manoukian GRG(90);
Lovas HIP(01)gq/99;
Unnikrishnan & Gillies CQG(15)-a1508 [quantum-gravitational optics];
Cardoso et al PRD(16)-a1608,
Agulló et al a2007 [gravitational-wave signatures].
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