|  Dark Energy – Models | 
In General
  > s.a. dark energy [holographic]; equation of state;
  FLRW models; graviton; perfect
  fluids; theory of cosmological acceleration.
  * Possibilities: Cosmological constant
    (w ≡ −1), quintessence, phantom energy (which may lead to big rip),
    ..., dynamical vacuum energy interacting with ordinary baryonic matter and dark matter.
  * Chaplygin
    gas: 2004, cmb peaks indicate 0 < r ≤ 1, but supernovae indicate
    r > 1; > s.a. inflationary scenarios.
  @ Reviews:
    Yoo & Watanabe IJMPD(12).
  @ Cosmological constant:
    Lineweaver ap/98-proc [and cmb];
    Célérier A&A(00)ap/99 [Λ > 0 or inhomogeneous];
    Kratochvil et al JCAP(04)ap/03 [tests];
     Liddle et al PRD(06)ap [vs evolving dark energy];
    Serra et al PRD(09)-a0908,
    Serra a1005-proc [no evidence for dynamics];
    March et al MNRAS(11)-a1005 [no statistical motivation for doubt];
    Bauer JPCS(10)-a1010 [plus dynamical dark energy];
    Wang & Meng PRD(17)-a1709 [no evidence for dynamics].
  @ Evidence for dynamical dark energy: 
    Zhao et al PRL(12)-a1207 [mildly favored];
    Ding et al ApJL(15)-a1503;
    Solà et al ApJ(17)-a1602,
    a1606 [significantly favored],
    MNRAS(18)-a1703 [4σ confidence level];
    Solà et al PDU-a1811;
    Colgáin et al a2104.
  @ Chaplygin gas:
    Kamenshchik et al PLB(01) [proposal];
    Gorini et al PRD(03)ap/02,
    ap/04-MGX;
    Colistete et al gq/02-proc;
    Amendola et al JCAP(03)ap;
    Bean & Doré PRD(03)ap;
    Bilić et al ap/03-conf;
    Bertolami ap/04-talk [bounds];
    Sen & Scherrer PRD(05)ap [generalized];
    Bilić et al JPA(07)gq/06-conf [and structure formation, with string theory effects].
  @ Scalar field: Maor & Brustein PRD(03)hp/02;
    Rubano et al PRD(03)ap  [oscillating];
    Beck PRD(04) [chaotic];
    Lee ChPL(04)ap;
    Enqvist et al PRL(07) [seesaw mechanism];
    Nozari & Sadatian MPLA(09)-a0905 [non-minimal];
    Fabris & Jardim EPL(10)-a0910;
    Ziaeepour PRD(10)-a1003 [condensate];
    Lemets &  Yerokhin a1012 [and dark matter];
    Iwazaki a1206;
    Frasca a1409
      [massless quartic scalar field with massive dispersion relation];
    Pèrenon et al JCAP(15)-a1506 [non-minimally coupled];
    Chamseddine & Mukhanov JCAP(16)-a1601 [inhomogeneous, non-dynamical fields];
    Carneiro GRG(18)-a1801;
    > s.a. inhomogeneities and acceleration [effective scalar field].
  @ Vector field: Armendáriz-Picón JCAP(04)ap;
    Böhmer & Harko EPJC(07)gq  [massive];
    Jiménez & Maroto AIP(09)-a0812;
    Jiménez et al PRD(09).
  @ (Large) extra dimensions: Burgess AIP(05)ht/04 [supersymmetric];
    Kainulainen & Sunhede PRD(06)ap/04;
    Li et al ap/05;
    Greene et al PLB(11)-a1001;
    Novosyadlyj et al a1502-book.
  @ Born-Infeld:
    Elizalde et al PLB(03) [BI condensate];
    Garousi et al PRD(05) [Dirac-BI, bounds from varying α].
  @ Electromagnetic fields: Beck & Mackey IJMPD(08)ap/07;
    Beltrán Jiménez & Maroto JCAP(09)-a0811,
    IJMPD(09)-a0905-GRF;
    Arık & Katırcı a1108-wd.
  @ Neutrino condensate:
    de Vega & Sánchez ap/07;
    Urban & Zhitnitsky NPB(10)-a0909 [QCD];
    Bhatt PLB(10).
  @ Yang-Mills condensate:
    Zhao & Zhang PLB(06);
    Klinkhamer PRD(10) [gluon condensate]; 
    Donà et al PRD(16)-a1509 [non-perturbative];
    Addazi et al a1602 [and the  Peccei-Quinn mechanism].
  @ Other known fields: Hsu PLB(03)ap [non-linear field oscillations];
    Contopoulos & Basilakos A&A(07)-a0705 [cosmological magnetic fields];
    Blasone et al a0809-ch,
    Capolupo et al PLB(09)-a0809 [particle mixing condensate];
    Alexander et al PRD(10) [BCS fermion condensate];
    Guendelman & Kaganovich PRD(13)-a1208 [other neutrino mechanism];
    Biermann & Harms a1305 [gravitational waves];
    Krauss & Dent PRL(13) [Higgs seesaw mechanism];
    Ziaeepour JPCS(15)-a1502 [quantum coherent state].
  @ Effective field theory:
    Maziashvili PLB(08);
    Gubitosi et al JCAP(13)-a1210;
    Frusciante et al JCAP(14)-a1310 [dynamical analysis];
    Linder et al JCAP(16)-a1512;
    Frusciante & Perenon a1907-PRP [rev].
  @ Multiple-field models: Vardanyan & Amendola PRD(15)-a1502 [test];
    Berezhiani et al PRD(15)-a1505 [two-component dark energy].
  @ Other models:
    Alam et al JCAP(03) [decaying];
    Caldwell et al PRL(03)ap [phantom energy, big rip];
    Gasperini proc(04)ht/03 [dilaton];
    Hall et al PRL(05)ap [evolving];
    Feng ap/06-proc [quintom, rev];
    Brax & Martin PRD(07)ht/06 [MSSM];
    Li et al PRD(07)ap/06 [reconstruction of potential];
    Kaloper PLB(07)-a0706;
    Stichel & Zakrzewski PRD(09)-a0904 [exotic massless particles];
    Dutta et al IJMPD(10)-a1005-GRF;
    Sloth IJMPD(10)-a1005-GRF [ultraviolet field-theory cutoff and equation of state];
    Basilakos et al PRD(11) [Noether-symmetry approach];
    Mocioiu & Roiban PRD(11) [renormalization group flow];
    Marochnik et al FP(08)-a0709 [virtual gravitons];
    Marochnik G&C(13) [instantons];
    Pearson AdP(14)-a1403 [material models];
    Jennen & Pereira PDU(16)-a1506 [teleparallel gravity, kinematic effect];
    Czachor IJTP(17)-a1604 [as a manifestation of non-trivial arithmetic];
    Bordin et al PRD(20)-a1912 [from the clockwork model, and supergravity];
    Das IJMPD(20)-a2005-GRF [boson condensate];
    > s.a. dark energy and dark matter; Phantom Fields;
      supersymmetry; vacuum [fluctuations].
Modified Gravity and Quantum-Gravity Motivated Models
  > s.a. conformal invariance; modified general relativity.
  * Constraints: Observations of
    the neutron-star merger GW170817 rule out many modified-gravity theories, those
    in which the speed of gravitational waves is different from the speed of light.
  @ f(R) gravity:  Tsujikawa PRD(08)-a0709;
    Deruelle et al PRD(08)-a0803 ["detuning"];
    Kuhfittig JAMP(17)-a1705;
    > s.a. higher-order gravity.
  @ Scalar-tensor theories:
    Wang ht/06/PRL;
    Gannouji et al ap/07-MG11;
    Alimohammadi & Behnamian PRD(09)-a0909;
    Das & Al Mamon ASS(14)-a1402;
    Copeland et al a1810 [after GW170817].
  @ Other modified gravity: Pirogov PAN(08)-a0704 [scalar graviton, and dark matter];
    Cooney et al PRD(09)-a0811 [non-dynamical gravitational degrees of freedom];
    Wiltshire EAS(09)-a0912,
    AIP(10)-a0912 [gravitational energy];
    Bamba et al JCAP(11)-a1011 [f(T) gravity];
    Villata ASS(12)-a1201 [repulsive gravity and antimatter];
    Harko & Lobo IJMPD(12)-a1205-GRF [infrared modification of general relativity];
    Ma & Wang DCDS(14)-a1206;
    Piazza et al JCAP(14) [exploring the space of theories];
    Abe et al IJMPA(17)-a1603 [gravitational corrections of vacuum energy];
    Bashkirov a1704 [variation of Newton's constant];
    Ezquiaga & Zumalacárregui PRL(17)-a1710 [constraints from GW170817];
    > s.a. bimetric gravity; hořava gravity;
      Horndeski Theory.
  @ From information theory:
    Gough et al PE(06)ap [information energy];
    Lee et al a0709-proc.
  @ From lqc: Bojowald GRG(08)-a0705;
    Nelson & Sakellariadou PLB(08)-a0709 [corrections to Wheeler-DeWitt equation];
    Xiao & Zhu IJMPA(10).
  @ From string theory:
    Frampton PLB(03);
    Krause proc(18)-a0801.
  @ Other trans-Planckian:
    Bastero-Gil & Mersini PRD(03);
    Lemoine et al PRD(03);
    Brout gq/05 [fluctuations];
    Asselmeyer-Maluga & Rosé APPB(08)-a0710-proc [differential structure];
    Khosravi & Sepangi PLA(08)-a0802 [DSR and fundamental length];
    Ng AIP(09)-a0808 [spacetime foam];
    Maziashvili EPL(10)-a0901 [spacetime microstructure];
    Fomitchev a1009;
    Shalyt-Margolin IJMPD(12)-a1102 [deformed gravity and deviation from the thermodynamic identity]; 
    Savelova G&C(13) [gas of wormholes];
    Sengupta CQG(15)-a1501 [theory with torsional instantons];
    Graef & Brandenberger JCAP(15)-a1505;
    Perez & Sudarsky PRL(19)-a1711 [quantum gravity discreteness];
    Faraggi & Matone EPJC(20)-a2006 [Wheeler-DeWitt quantum potential];
    Oriti & Pang a2105;
    > s.a. locality in quantum field theory [quantum gravity];
      spacetime foam.
  @ Related models: Balakin et al NJP(03) [curvature self-interaction];
    Dimopoulos & Thomas PLB(03)ht [continuum vs discretum];
    Koorambas IJTP(12) [geometric unification of gravity and dark energy];
    Josset et al PRL(17)-a1604 [from dynamical quantum reduction];
    Singh MPLA(20)-a1911 [STM atoms].
  > Other gravity theories:
    see Gauss-Bonnet Gravity; higher-dimensional
    gravity; kaluza-klein theory; multifractal spacetime;
    torsion in physics.
  > Other new physics: see emergent
    gravity [entropic]; quaternions; quintessence;
    tachyons.
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