|  Dark Energy – Equation of State | 
In General
  > s.a. cosmic topology; cosmological constant.
  * Parametrization: Usually parametrized
    by a perfect-fluid-type form p = wρ, where a cosmological constant
    corresponds to w = −1.
  * 2014: The BOSS collaboration analysis,
    with complementary cosmological data, yields w = −1.03 ± 0.06.
  @ General references:
    Kujat et al ApJ(02)ap/01;
    Erickson et al PRL(02);
    Wasserman PRD(02) [observations and degeneracy];
    Dicus & Repko PRD(03)hp/02;
    Melchiorri et al PRD(03)ap/02;
    Carroll et al PRD(03)ap;
    Jiménez NAR(03)ap-in;
    Saini et al MNRAS(04)ap/03 [Bayesian analysis];
    Garriga et al PRD(04)ht/03 [anthropic selection];
    Linder ap/03-conf;
    Linder & Miquel PRD(04)ap [dynamical?];
    Jain et al NPB(06)ap/04;
    Polarski & Ranquet PLB(05)ap;
    Cardone et al PRD(06) [beyond perfect fluid];
    Barger et al PLB(06) [classification of w(a) models];
    Ananda & Bruni PRD(06),
    PRD(06) [non-linear];
    Solà JPA(08)-a0710 [remnant from inflation];
    Usmani et al MNRAS(08)-a0801;
    Lee et al MPLA(10)-a0803 [cosmic Hawking radiation];
    Barboza & Alcaniz PLB(08)-a0805;
    de Putter & Linder JCAP(08)-a0808 [calibration relation];
    Sloth IJMPD(10)-a1005-GRF [with ultraviolet cutoff];
    Lee ASS(14)-a1105 [parametrization];
    de Lavallaz & Fairbairn PRD(11)-a1106 [effect of voids];
    Valkenburg et al PDU(13)-a1302 [intrinsic uncertainty on its nature];
    Hara et PTEP(14)-a1409 [time variation];
    Linder PRD(15)-a1501;
    > s.a. Phantom Divide.
  @ Parametrizations: Kao gq/03;
    Crittenden et al PRL(07)ap;
    Johri & Rath IJMPD(07);
    > s.a. dark-energy models.
Phenomenological Constraints > s.a. dark energy
  and dark matter; expansion [lookback time vs redshift test].
  * And matter clustering: If
    dark energy is not completely homogeneous then the Poisson equation is modified
    and dark-matter clustering is directly affected; Weak lensing and galaxy
    redshift surveys can then constrain the sound speed of the dark energy, if the
    latter is small; 2015, Constraints from the abundance of voids as a function
    of void radius and redshift.
  @ General references: Sarkar et al PRL(08) [multiparameter approach];
    Sahni et al PRD(08)-a0807 [two diagnostics];
    Unnikrishnan PRD(08) [difficult to determine];
    Egan & Lineweaver PRD(08) [and cosmic coincidence];
    Clarkson & Zunckel PRL(10)-a1002 [direct reconstruction];
    Linder a1004-ch;
    Sapone et al PRD(10)-a1007 [usefulness of large-scale surveys];
    Holsclaw et al PRL(10)
    + news physorg(10)dec,
    PRD(10)-a1009 [non-parametric reconstruction];
    Vázquez et al JCAP(12)-a1205;
    Slepian et al MNRAS(14)-a1301 [upcoming observations];
    Said et al PRD(13)-a1303 [new constraints for 0 < z < 2].
  @ From cmb: Bean & Melchiorri PRD(02)ap/01;
    Krauss ApJ(03)ap,
    Bean & Doré PRD(04)ap/03 [WMAP];
    Giovi et al PRD(05)ap/04;
    Hannestad PRD(05)ap [speed of sound];
    Gong & Wang PRD(07)ap/06;
    Alam et al JCAP(07)ap/06 [Gold + HST and SNLS data].
  @ From supernova surveys: Dicus & Repko PRD(04)ap;
    Bento et al PRD(05)ap/04;
    Ziaeepour ap/06 [indication that w < −1];
    Wood-Vasey et al ApJ(07)ap;
    Serra et al MNRAS(07)ap,
    Zhao et al PRD(08)-a0712 [preference for cosmological constant];
    Salzano et al MPLA(14)-a1211 [test of linearity of equation of state].
  @ From galaxy cluster surveys: Angulo et al MNRAS(05)ap [power spectrum];
    Khedekar & Majumdar PRD(10) [and SZ effect];
    Basilakos et al PRD(10);
    Bos et al MG13(15)-a1211 [from the shape of cosmic voids];
    Anderson et al (BOSS) MNRAS(14)-a1312 [acoustic oscillations in SDSS-III DR10 and DR11]];
    Pavlidou et al JCAP(14)-a1401 [stability of cosmic structures];
    > s.a. galaxy distribution.
  @ Other data:
    Gaztañaga et al PRL(09)-a0808 [radial baryon acoustic oscillations];
    Ding & Croft MNRAS(09)-a0903 [future measurements of quasar parallax];
    Stern et al JCAP(10)-a0907,
    ApJS(10)-a0907 [expansion history from red galaxies];
    Enander & Mörtsell PLB(10)-a0910 [accretion onto black holes];
    Biswas et al PRD(10)-a1002 [void ellipticity distribution];
    Fairbairn a1204 [from gamma rays];
    Pen & Zhang PRD(14) [decay];
    Hamilton et al Sci(15)aug-a1502 [atom-interferometry constraints];
    Escamilla-Rivera & Capozziello a1905 [from cosmography].
  @ Combined data:
    Wang & Tegmark PRL(04);
    Hannestad & Mörtsell JCAP(04)ap;
    Doran et al JCAP(05)ap [w < −0.8];
    Lazkoz & Majerotto JCAP(07)-a0704 [general relativity favored over brane world];
    Zhao & Zhang PRD(10);
    Tsujikawa ch(14)-a1004 [rev];
    Li & Xia JCAP(10)-a1004;
    Pan et al CQG(10)-a1005;
    Ilic et al PRD(10);
    Holsclaw et al PRD(11)-a1104;
    Bonici & Maggiore a1901.
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