Galactic or Supermassive Black Holes| Galactic or Supermassive Black Holes |
In General > s.a. black-hole types.
* Status: 2000, They seem to be
very common; Most galaxies may have one, and they seem to play a dominant role
in galaxy/quasar evolution, producing black tides that disrupt and rip passing
stars apart and powering jets; Examples are the center of the Milky Way in Sgr,
that of the M87 galaxy, and many others; 2012, Several dozen have been identified.
* Masses: 2006, The most massive
ones may be around 3 × 109 or
1010 MSun,
depending on the model; 2014, Their mass distribution seems to have a cutoff
towards lower masses near 3 × 106
MSun, consistent with a classical
formation mechanism from the agglomeration of the first massive stars in
the universe.
@ General references: Rees SA(90)nov,
ap/97-conf;
Ferrarese ASP-ap/02,
& Merritt pw(02)ap;
Weaver SA(03)jul [and star formation];
Combes ap/05;
Greenwood ap/05;
Melia a0705-in;
Miller & Reynolds PT(07)aug [effect on environment];
Jovanović & Popović FdP(08)-a0803 [effects of strong gravitational fields];
Sesana AiA(12)-a1110 [cosmic history, practical guide];
Hlavacek-Larrondo AS(13);
Genzel a1410-proc [rev].
@ Masses: Natarajan & Treister MNRAS(09)-a0808 [upper limit?];
Davis et al ApJ(14)-a1405 [mass function for spiral galaxies];
King MNRAS(16)-a1511 [maximum mass from luminous accretion of gas];
Inayoshi & Haiman ApJ(16)-a1601,
Bhattacharya & Shankaranarayanan IJMPD(18)-a1805-GRF [maximum mass?];
Carr et al MNRAS(21)-a2008
[constraints on stupendously large black holes, M ∼ 1010
MSun].
@ Spin: Reynolds CQG(13)-a1307 [measurement];
Garofalo ApJL(09)-a0905 [and galaxy evolution];
Barausse MNRAS(14)-a1201 [evolution];
Brenneman 13-a1309 [measurement, in AGNs];
Bonson & Gallo MNRAS(16)-a1602 [measurement].
@ Related topics:
Ford et al IAU-ap/97 [HST];
Richstone AIP(98)ap;
Sridhar & Touma MNRAS(99)ap/98 [motion around them];
Rees ap/99-proc;
Bellovary et al ApJL(10)-a1008 [wandering black holes from satellite galaxies];
Sadeghian et al PRD(13) [and dark matter distribution].
@ Alternatives: Miller MNRAS(06)ap/05 [constraints];
Svidzinsky JCAP(07)ap/06 [oscillating axion bubbles];
Verozub NCB(08)-a0806 [stable degenerate Fermi-gas configurations].
Formation and Evolution > s.a. galaxy formation and evolution;
gravitational collapse; numerical-relativity models.
* In the early universe:
At high redshift the progenitors of supermassive black holes are generally
considered to be supermassive primordial stars, but a large number of
supermassive black holes has been observed at redshifts z >
6, when the Universe was only 900 Myr old, and the proposed standard
scenarios for black-hole formation (rapid accretion of seed black holes or
black hole mergers) face severe difficulties in explaining such rapid formation.
@ General references: Bean & Magueijo PRD(02)gq [from primordial black holes];
Shapiro ap/03-in [simulation];
Tyler et al ap/03/ApJ [processes];
Rees & Volonteri IAU(06)ap/07;
Madau IAU(06)ap/07;
Begelman AIP(08)-a0709 [by direct collapse];
Bellovary et al ApJ(11)-a1104 [the first massive black holes];
Neumayer & Walcher AiA(12)-a1201 [nuclear clusters as precursors];
Begelman ApJL(12)-a1203 [accretion, matter recycling and loss];
news chandra(12)jun;
> s.a. cosmic-strings phenomenology.
@ Seeds: Natarajan a1104-in;
Kawasaki et al PLB(12)-a1202;
Brandenberger & Jian a1908 [cosmic textures and global monopoles].
@ In the early universe:
news pw(12)jan [growth];
Latif et al MNRAS(13)-a1304;
Biermann et al MNRAS(14)-a1403
[cosmic backgrounds due to the formation of the first generation of supermassive black holes];
Lake & Harko FdP(17)-a1505 [from superconducting cosmic strings piercing seed black holes];
Melia & McClintock PRS(15)-a1511;
Smith et al a1703-A&G [formation];
Schleicher in(19)-a1807 [observational status].
@ Evolution: Volonteri ap/06-proc;
Volonteri Sci(12)aug-a1208
+ news at(12)aug;
Volonteri et al IAU(15)-a1511 [high-redshift].
Observation and Effects > s.a. black-hole
phenomenology; matter near black holes.
* Mergers: 2007,
numerical simulations show that when two galaxies merge, one of their
central black holes can be ejected, with a speed and in a direction
depending on their initial spins.
* Sources of radiation:
Accretion disks of hot, glowing material surrounding black holes, and
coronas of highly energetic particles that produce X rays.
@ And halos: de Zeeuw ASP-ap/97;
Ferrarese ApJ(02)ap.
@ Binaries: Sivaram a0803 [and tests of general relativity];
Komossa et al ApJ(08)-a0804 [or recoiling];
Valtonen et al Nat(08)apr-a0809;
Boroson & Lauer Nat(09)mar-a0901 [close pair];
Gair et al GRG(11)-a0907 [Einstein Telescope];
Sesana ApJ(10)-a1006 [in stellar environments, and gravitational waves];
Dotti et al AiA(12)-a1111;
Bogdanović proc(14)-a1406 [observational signatures];
Sesana proc(14)-a1407 [and pulsar timing arrays];
Romero et al A&A(16)-a1602 [high-energy signatures];
> s.a. binary black holes; neutron stars
[pulsar timing]; sources of gravitational radiation.
@ Binaries, mergers: Yoo et al ApJ(07)ap [galaxy cluster mergers];
González et al PRL(07),
Campanelli et al PRL(07)gq
+ sr(07)may [recoil kicks];
Schnittman CQG(13)-a1307;
Gerosa & Sesana MNRAS(15)-a1405 [missing black holes in brightest cluster galaxies as evidence for superkicks];
Komossa & Zensus IAU(15)-a1502 [and stellar tidal disruption events];
Volonteri et al a1509-proc [in merging galaxies].
@ And host galaxies:
news Sci(10)apr [preventing star formation];
news pw(10)may
[correlation between black-hole mass and globular-cluster number];
Feoli & Mancini IJMPD(11)-a1012 [model of relationship with host-galaxy properties];
news nyt(11)dec [biggest yet];
Gezari PT(14)may [tidal disruption of stars];
Hamers et al MNRAS(14)-a1406 [relativistic dynamics of stars];
Graham ch(16)-a1501 [galaxy bulges, rev];
news sn(19)may [in dwarf galaxies].
@ Other effects: Iorio ApJ-a1910
[what would happen to a nearby star and planet system].
Specific Types and Galaxies
> s.a. matter near black holes [Mrk 335]; Blazars.
* Milky Way galaxy,
Sgr A*: Its mass is estimated observing the motion of stars
around it, and is about 4.27 × 106
MSun (as of 2021); More detailed observations
should allow us to estimate its multipole moments and determine whether
they match the values expected from the Kerr metric in general relativity.
@ Milky Way galaxy, Sgr A*:
Townes & Genzel SA(90)apr;
news pn(98)jan;
Melia & Falcke ARAA(01)ap;
Miyoshi ap/04-proc;
Reid IJMPD(09)-a0808;
Miyoshi et al in(07)-a0809,
Broderick et al ApJ(09)-a0903,
Fish & Doelemn a0906-IAU [towards detecting the horizon];
Merritt et al PRD(10)-a0911 [properties from stellar orbits];
Broderick & Loeb SA(09)dec;
Van Wassenhove et al MNRAS(10)-a1001 [satellites];
Falcke et al IAU(11)-a1010 [jet, and general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics];
De Paolis et al GRG(11)-a1011 [estimating the parameters];
news uanews(12)jan [Event Horizon Telescope];
news space(12)apr [probing with pulsars];
Scharf SA(12)aug [and Earth's existence, habitability];
Vincent et al a1209-proc [parameters];
news ucla(12)oct [star with 10.5-year orbiting period];
Falcke & Markoff CQG(13)-a1311 [rev];
news sn(16)jan [middleweight, 100,000-solar-mass neighbor suspected];
Zakharov IJMPD-a1801-conf [observations and models];
news pt(18)apr [spin, from quasiperiodic oscillations].
@ Sgr A*, no-hair and other tests: Will ApJL(08)-a0711,
Sadeghian & Will CQG(11)-a1106;
Psaltis & Johannsen JPCS(11)-a1012 [as testbed for strong gravity effects];
Johannsen AiA(12)-a1105;
Psaltis et al ApJ(16)-a1510 [using stars, pulsars, and the Event Horizon Telescope];
Goddi et al IJMPD(17)-a1606-MG14 [experiments];
> s.a. quantum-gravity phenomenology.
@ M87: news sci(12)sep [black hole rotation and first direct observation of a jet-launching region];
Broderick et al ApJ(15)-a1503 [indirect evidence for an event horizon].
@ Other examples: Cappellari Nat(11)dec-a1205 [two 10-billion-solar-mass monster black holes];
news ns(13)feb [is NGC 1277's black hole a runaway from another galaxy?];
Seth et al Nat(14)sep-a1409
+ news pw(14)sep [in an ultracompact dwarf galaxy];
news dgal(16)jan [NGC 1097 has a black hole of 140M solar masses].
@ Related topics: Harun-or-Rashid PhD-ap/02 [toroidal];
Amaro-Seoane et al MNRAS(10)-a0910 [triplets].
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send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 25 apr 2021