Black-Hole Perturbations  

Perturbations around Kerr > s.a. modified general relativity; kerr spacetime.
* Description: Massless fields of spin s = 1/2, 1, 3/2, or 2 are usually described in terms of Weyl scalars 4 and 0, which satisfy Teukolsky's complex master equation, a wave equation with added curvature terms, and respectively represent outgoing and ingoing radiation; can also be described in terms of (Hertz-like) potentials in outgoing or ingoing radiation gauges.
@ Linear: Misner BAPS(72) [scalar, stability]; Kalnins et al PRS(96) [spin-1 and 2]; Fernandes & Lun JMP(97) [gauge-invariant]; Barack & Ori PRL(99) [decay of scalar perturbations]; Campanelli et al CQG(01)gq/00; Moreno & Núñez gq/01; Ori PRD(03)gq/02 [particles/objects]; Loustó CQG(05)gq [in terms of Weyl scalars]; Yunes & González PRD(06)gq/05 [tidally perturbed]; Wang BJP(05)gq [rev]; Dotti et al CQG(08)-a0805 [instabilities].
@ Teukolsky equation: Hartle & Wilkins CMP(74); Campanelli & Loustó PRD(97)gq [regularization]; Campanelli & Loustó PRD(98), et al PRD(98), PRD(98)gq [Cauchy data]; Bini et al PTP(02)gq; Pazos-Ávalos & Loustó PRD(05)gq/04 [numerical]; Fiziev a0908 [exact solutions].
@ Second-order: Campanelli & Loustó PRD(99)gq/98.

Other Black Holes > s.a. horizons; models in numerical relativity; perturbations in general relativity; quantum black holes.
@ Reissner-Nordström: Burko PRD(99)gq [axial]; Perjés GRG(03)gq/02; Berti & Kokkotas PRD(03)ht; Motl & Neitzke ATMP(03)ht [asymptotic frequencies]; Pfister PRD(03) [t-independent].
@ Reissner-Nordström-AdS: Berti & Kokkotas PRD(03)gq.
@ Kerr-NUT: Bini et al PRD(03)gq; Mukhopadhyay & Dadhich CQG(04)gq/03, gq/04-in [scalar and spinor].
@ Other types: Onozawa et al PRD(97) [supersymmetric]; Perjés gq/02/CQG [rotating, and ]; Das & Shankaranarayanan CQG(05) [generic singularities]; Hamilton a0706 [self-similar, Newman-Penrose formalism].
> Other types: see black-hole geometry [black rings]; higher-dimensional black holes; kerr-newman solutions; perturbations of schwarzschild.

Quasinormal Modes > s.a. black holes in higher dimensions and modified theories; horava gravity; perturbations of schwarzschild; quantum black holes; thermodynamics.
* Highly damped: It has been suggested that they provide information about the microscopic quantum gravity states underlying black-hole entropy; This requires their frequencies to be universally of the form R = (ln l) kTbh, where l is an integer, and Tbh is the black-hole temperature.
@ Reviews: Kokkotas & Schmidt LRR(99)gq; Nollert CQG(99); Sachs FdP(04)ht/03-in; Berti gq/04-in; Ferrari & Gualtieri GRG(08)-a0709; Berti et al CQG(09).
@ General references: Nollert PRD(96)gq [significance]; Siopsis ht/04-in [asymptotic form]; Khriplovich IJMPD(05)gq/04 [asymptotics and quantum black holes]; Daghigh & Kunstatter CJP(06)-gq/05 [highly damped]; Berti et al gq/06-in [excitation]; Samuelsson et al CQG(07) [characteristic approach]; Maggiore PRL(08)-a0711 [physical interpretation]; Zhidenko PhD(09)-a0903.
@ Kerr: Seidel & Iyer PRD(90); Onozawa PRD(97)gq/96; Berti & Kokkotas PRD(03)ht [and Reissner-Nordström]; Giammatteo gq/03; Hod PRD(03)gq; Musiri & Siopsis PLB(04)ht/03 [perturbative]; Berti et al PRD(03)ht, PRD(04)gq [highly damped]; Hod gq/05 [fermions]; Konoplya & Zhidenko PRD(06) [massive scalar, stability]; Berti & Cardoso PRD(06)gq [ringing]; Dorband et al PRD(06)gq [numerical].
@ Kerr-Newman: Berti & Kokkotas PRD(05)gq [electromagnetic + gravitational]; Jing & Pan NPB(05)gq [Dirac].
@ Reissner-Nordström: Hod CQG(06)gq/05; Jing JHEP(05)gq [neutrino modes]; Daghigh et al CQG(06) [D-dimensional].
@ Reissner-Nordström, (nearly) extreme: Andersson & Onozawa PRD(96); Kim & Oh PLB(01) [and Choptuik scaling]; Daghigh & Green CQG(08)-a0708 [and Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter].
@ Reissner-Nordström-AdS: Wang et al PLB(00); Konoplya PRD(02); Jing & Pan PRD(05)gq [Dirac].
@ Dilaton black holes: Ferrari et al PRD(01) [charged]; Fernando GRG(04)ht/03 [2+1, charged]; Kettner et al CQG(04).
@ Dirty black holes: Leung et al PRL(97), PRD(99); Medved et al CQG(04)gq/03, CQG(04)gq/03.
@ 2+1 dimensions, BTZ: Cardoso & Lemos PRD(01) [scalar, electromagnetic, Weyl]; Birmingham et al PRL(02) [and conformal field theory]; Crisóstomo et al CQG(04) [extremal].
@ Other objects: Starinets PRD(02) [black branes]; Padmanabhan CQG(04)gq/03 [level spacing]; Giammatteo & Moss CQG(05)gq [Kerr-AdS, gravitational]; Sachs & Solodukhin JHEP(08) [topologically massive gravity]; > s.a. black-hole analogs; Vaidya Metric.

Other Properties of Perturbed Black Holes > s.a. phenomenology; chaotic motion; horizons; numerical black holes; quantum black holes.
* Stability: Stationary (M > 0) black holes are stable under local perturbations; The proof uses the fact that the linearized field equations imply the vanishing of an integral which would not vanish for frequencies with positive imaginary part; M < 0 black holes are unstable.
@ Stability: Cohen & Wald JMP(71) [+ point charge]; Wald JMP(73), CQG(86); in Chandrasekhar 83; Kokkotas PRD(88); Whiting & York PRL(88); Whiting JMP(89) [Kerr black hole]; Wald JMP(92); Monteiro et al a0903 [rotating black holes]; Burinskii GRG(09)-a0903 [electrovac black holes]; > s.a. black-hole geometry [black strings]; black-hole solutions; schwarzschild spacetime.
@ Evaporating, late-time behavior: Barack PRD(99)gq/98; Parikh & Wilczek PLB(99)gq/98; Hod PRD(99)gq, PRL(00)gq/99.
@ Changing M and a: Petrich et al PRL(88) [accreting]; King & Kolb MNRAS-ap/99 [binaries]; Abramowicz et al ed-99.
@ Related topics: Loustó & Whiting PRD(02)gq [ and (4, 0)]; Cartas-Fuentevilla JMP(00)gq/02 [conservation laws]; Sinha et al FP(03)gq/02 [backreaction and influence functional]; Perjés & Vasúth CQG(03)gq [principal null directions]; Birmingham & Carlip PRL(04)ht/03 [non-quasinormal modes]; Ferrari et al PRD(06) [extended sources, general hybrid approach]; > s.a. multipoles [polarizability].

Colliding Black Holes > s.a. models in numerical relativity.
@ General references: Hawking PRL(71); Loustó & Price PRD(97)gq, PRD(98)gq/97 [data]; > s.a. orbits of gravitating bodies.
@ Close limit: Pullin PTP(99)gq-in; Gleiser et al NJP(00)gq; Khanna PRD(01)gq, PRD(02)gq.
@ Related topics: Rácz & Wald CQG(96)gq/95 [global extensions]; Hod PRL(00)gq/99 [approach to stationarity].

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