Black-Hole Entropy| Black-Hole Entropy |
In General > s.a. black-hole thermodynamics;
origin of black-hole entropy; specific
types of black holes.
* Idea: Black-hole entropy was
introduced in a formal way; Several interpretations of it have been proposed,
some of which are variations on Bekenstein's original idea that it corresponds
to the log of "distinct quantum internal states" of the black hole,
S = kB ln W, but
in general it is not clear what this W means physically; Classically,
one has to use S = ∞ to avoid inconsistencies with the second
law, but quantum mechanically there is black-hole radiation and all is ok.
* Schwarzschild spacetime:
A Schwarzschild black hole of classical surface area \(A_{\rm H}\) has
entropy (in any dimensionality)
* Reissner-Nordström:
An extremal black hole has S = 0 but A ≠ 0.
* Remark: With matter
fields, in general S ≠ A/4; It is possible to form
black holes without a global increase in entropy.
* Orders of magnitude:
Compare SSun = 1058 with
Ssolar mass bh = 1077.
@ Reviews: Mitra ht/96;
Frolov & Fursaev CQG(98)ht;
Majumdar gq/98-conf,
ht/01-conf;
Mukohyama gq/99-conf;
Damour ht/04-in;
Jacobson et al IJTP(05)ht-proc [trialogue on interpretation];
Soloviev gq/05-proc;
Mitra a0902-conf;
Maldacena a1810-in.
@ General references:
Wald PRD(79);
Gould PRD(87);
Martinez & York PRD(89);
Hiscock PRD(89);
Frolov & Novikov PRD(93)gq;
Dowker CQG(94);
Teitelboim ht/94 [and dimensional continuation];
Frolov ht/94-conf,
ht/95-proc;
Jacobson et al PRD(94)gq/93;
Brown & York gq/94-conf [path integral];
Kay ht/98;
Mäkelä & Repo gq/98;
Cadoni MPLA(06)ht/05;
Carlip JPCS(07)gq,
GRG(07)-a0705-GRF,
fs(09)-a0807 [the problem of universality];
Carlip Ent(11)-a1107 [effective "conformal dual" description];
Nomura & Weinberg PRD(14)-a1310 [as entropy of a vacuum];
Kupferman PhD(13)-a1603 [different concepts];
Frolov a1805-in [remarks];
Bachlechner a1811 [from the action].
@ Interpretation:
Sorkin SHPMP(05)ht-proc [point of view];
Jacobson et al IJTP(05) [views];
Medved gq/04;
Zhang et al GRG(11)-a1102.
@ Versions:
Martinez PRD(95)gq/94 [microcanonical];
Brown PRD(95)gq [from Hamiltonian];
Pretorius et al PRD(98)gq/97 [operational];
Moradpour et al EPL(19)-a1902 [Rényi entropy, from gup];
Prunkl & Timpson a1903 [genuine thermodynamic entropy];
in Saridakis JCAP(20)-a2006 [Barrow entropy].
@ As Noether charge: Wald PRD(93)gq;
Bodendorfer & Neiman PRD(14)-a1304 [from loop quantum gravity];
Halyo a1403 [and Rindler energy];
Jacobson & Mohd PRD(15)-a1507.
@ Properties: Iyer & Wald PRD(94)gq,
PRD(95)gq;
Lau gq/94;
Bekenstein gq/94-MG7;
Solodukhin PRD(96) [approaches agree];
Corichi & Sudarsky MPLA(02)gq/00 [and area];
Major & Setter CQG(01) [universality];
Åman et al GRG(03)gq [and state space metric];
Saida PTP(09)-a0910 [and area, violation of relationship];
Chakraborty & Dey PLB(18)-a1806 [torsion does not affect black-hole entropy].
@ Related topics: Lue & Weinberg GRG(00)gq [and monopoles];
Acquaviva et al PRD(15)-a1411,
a1604-MG14 [and collapse];
Zhang PRD(15)-a1510 [entropy in the interior, and thermodynamics];
Azuma & Subramanian a1807 [negative entropy?];
> s.a. gravitational phenomenology [spacetime measurement].
> Related topics: see noether charge;
thermodynamical systems [contribution to cosmological entropy];
fine-structure constant [variation].
Corrections
> s.a. black-hole radiation and thermodynamics;
quantum black holes; specific types of black holes.
* Reasons: Can be due to thermal
fluctuations around an equilibrium canonical ensemble, or quantum spacetime
fluctuations within a microcanonical framework; Typically, higher-order gravity
theories give corrections of the form AH
R, R2, etc, while various
approaches to effective quantum gravity corrections give terms of the form ln
AH.
@ General references: Shankaranarayanan Ent(11)-a1101;
Viaggiu MPLA(14) [in an expanding universe].
@ From partition function:
Gibbons & Hawking PRD(77);
York PRD(86).
@ And GUP: Medved & Vagenas PRD(04)ht;
Ko et al IJTP(10);
Majumder PLB(12);
Gupta et al AHEP(14)-a1312;
Bargueño & Vagenas PLB(15)-a1501.
@ Quantum / log corrections: Susskind & Uglum PRD(94) [canonical quantum gravity and string theory];
Mitra gq/95-talk;
Ghosh & Mitra PRD(97);
Carlip CQG(00)gq [log, Cardy formula];
Kaul & Majumdar PRL(00);
Das et al CQG(02)ht/01,
ht/02-proc;
Gour PRD(02)gq [log];
Mukherji & Pal JHEP(02)ht [AdS-cft];
Chatterjee & Majumdar gq/03,
PRL(04)gq/03 [log, non-rotating];
Akbar & Das CQG(04)ht/03 [Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström, thermal];
Bhaduri et al PRD(04)gq/03 [microcanonical];
Ghosh & Mitra PRD(05)gq/04;
Hod CQG(04)ht [higher-order];
Medved CQG(03) [2D],
CQG(05)gq/04,
CQG(05)gq/04;
Zhao et al MPLA(07)gq/06;
Shankaranarayanan MPLA(08)-a0805;
Panković et al a0810;
Garattini PLB(10) [with modified dispersion relations];
Das et al a1002-MG12 [from entanglement];
Aros et al JHEP(10)-a1003 [as Noether charge];
Yoon GRG(12)-a1211;
Ghosh & Mitra CQG(15)-a1506;
Solodukhin PLB(20)-a1907;
Ghosh et al a2104 [new corrections].
@ Renormalized: Odintsov & Yoon IJMPA(96)gq/95;
Larsen & Wilczek NPB(96);
Jacobson & Satz PRD(13)-a1212;
Satz & Jacobson a1301-MG13.
@ Related topics: Belgiorno & Liberati GRG(97)gq/96 [and Casimir effect];
Liberati NCB(97)gq/96 ["intrinsic" thermodynamics];
Strominger JHEP(98)ht/97 [anti-de Sitter geometry];
Jacobson AIP(99)gq [partial horizon];
Wu IJMPD(00)gq [topology];
Dreyer et al CQG(01)gq [symmetries];
Carlip PRL(02)gq [conformal symmetry];
More CQG(05)gq/04 [higher-order corrections];
Ahmad & Alam a1207-proc [subleading corrections];
Park FdP(14)-a1304 [from ADM reduction, and subleading corrections];
> s.a. non-extensive entropy.
In Other Theories
> see 2D gravity; 3D black holes;
3D quantum gravity; black-hole thermodynamics;
Shape Dynamics.
@ General references: Borsten et al PRP(09)
[in string theory, and entanglement of qubits and qutrits];
Brustein & Medved JHEP(10)-a1003 [unitary theories];
Das MSc(10)-a1007
[for an arbitrary covariant theory of gravity, inputs and derivation];
De Haro et al SHPMP(20)-a1904,
van Dongen et al SHPMP(20)-a1904 [in string theory, conceptual].
@ Higher-derivative gravity: Correa-Borbonet BJP(05)ht-proc [Lovelock theory];
Kraus & Larsen JHEP(05)ht;
Faraoni Ent(10)-a1005 [scalar-tensor and f(R) gravity];
Kolekar et al PRD(12)-a1111 [Lanczos-Lovelock models];
Conroy et al PRL(15)-a1503 [ghost-free infinite-derivative theories, Wald entropy];
Bhattacharyya et al JHEP(17)-a1612 [Lovelock theories, dynamical black holes].
> Other areas of physics:
see high-temperature superconductors.
main page
– abbreviations
– journals – comments
– other sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 8 may 2021