Cosmological
Constant| Cosmological
Constant |
In General > s.a. cosmological-constant
phenomenology; cosmological-constant problem; mach's
principle; vacuum.
* History: Introduced
by Einstein in 1917 to obtain static universes.
$ Def: A constant 
representing
a vacuum energy density,
introduced in the action of general relativity or in the Einstein equation,
respectively,
M (R – 2)
dv, Rab– 
R gab+ gab =
8
G Tab
.
* In quantum field theory:
Usually considered to be due to zero-point energy (as pointed out by Zel'dovich
in 1968),
but in
some proposals arises from its fluctuations; Required by symmetry breaking
in the
early universe,
Hawking's
picture of spacetime
foam, or
the
gauged
SO(n)
of extended supergravity.
* In quantum gravity:
The ground state for a spacetime with nonzero ,
to the extent that it is understood, is (Anti-)de Sitter spacetime; A common
handwaving argument for the natural value of in
quantum gravity is that dimensional considerations lead to lP–2,
but arguments of the fluctuation type can also be made assuming that each st
element contributes an amount lP–2 to
the lagrangian density but with a fluctuating sign.
Variable Cosmological Constant > s.a. non-commutative
gravity; unimodular
gravity; variation
of constants.
@ General references: Gasperini PLB(87),
CQG(88)
[thermal approach]; McGuigan PRD(90)
[quantum, from t = (det q)1/2];
van Putten gq/98 [consequences];
Burdyuzha et al ap/99;
Novello et al CQG(01)ht/00;
Elizalde PLB(01),
Caldwell ap/02 [from
Casimir effect]; Donoghue JHEP(03)
[gradients]; Shapiro et al PLB(03);
Hsu & Zee MPLA(05)
[Planck mass and size of universe]; Barceló JETPL(07)gq/06;
Antoniadis et al NJP(07)gq/06 [dynamical
screening by quantum field theory effects]; Xu et al a0905, a0905;
Yoon a0906.
@ And cosmology: Novello et al CQG(02)
[from chiral anomaly]; Aldrovandi et al G&C(05)gq/03;
Shapiro & Solà ap/04-in;
Borges & Carneiro GRG(05)gq [decaying
vacuum density]; Ma NPB(08)-a0708 [and
constraints]; Stefancic PLB(09)-a0807 [relaxation,
from inhomogeneous equation of state]; Basilakos et al PRD-a0907 [expansion
and structure
formation]; Porto & Zee a0910 [relaxation,
extreme ultra-IR].
@ Running, scale dependence: Kosower MPLA(89);
Bhattacharya et al PLB(00);
Bonanno & Reuter JCAP(07)
[from renormalization group, and cosmology]; Foot et al PLB(08)-a0712 [does
not run with
renormalization scale]; Shapiro & Solà a0808,
PLB(09)-a0910 [it
may run]; Capozziello & Funkhouser MPLA(09)-a0812 [scaling
law]; Velasquez-Toribio a0907 [and
perturbations].
@ From fluctuations: Sorkin IJTP(97)gq;
Gurzadyan & Xue MPLA(03)ap/01;
Padmanabhan CQG(02)gq,
CQG(05)ht/04 [and
quantum gravity]; Volovik JLTP(01)gq,
in(03)gq;
Ahmed
et al PRD(04)ap/02,
Ahmed IJMPA(05)in
[causal sets and statistical fluctuations], comment Volovik JETPL(04)gq and
Barrow PRD(07)gq/06;
in Dreyer ht/04;
Jejjala & Minic IJMPA(07)ht/06;
Elizalde JPA(07)
[non-trivial topology and braneworld boundary conditions]; Sorkin AIP(07)-a0710
[causal set discreteness]; Wang et al a0806 [quantum
fluctuations of spacetime]; Santos a0902;
Katti et al CQG(09)-a0904 [analogy
with surface tension of a fluid membrane]; Broda & Szanecki a0910-in; > s.a. cosmic
acceleration.
@ From condensate: Dymnikova & Khlopov MPLA(00)
[evaporating Bose condensate]; Alexander & Vaid ht/06,
ht/07 [chiral
fermions in FRW spacetime].
References > s.a. general-relativity
solutions; higher-order gravity.
@ General: Einstein SPAW(17); Hawking in(82), PTRS(83);
Banks NPB(85);
Coughlan et al NPB(89)
[and dilatations];
Strominger NPB(89)
[Lorentzian quantum cosmology]; Fiziev gq/00-in
[and dilatonic gravity]; Earman SHPMP(03)
[conceptual]; Aldrovandi et al IJMPD(04)gq [and
fundamental physics]; Beck PhyA(09)
[axiomatic approach].
@ History: Harvey PT(07)apr
[Schrödinger and Einstein]; Calder & Lahav a0712 [early
precursors, Newton].
@ Reviews: Bernstein & Feinberg ed-89; Weinberg RMP(89),
ap/96;
Sahni & Starobinsky
IJMPD(00)ap/99;
Harvey & Schücking AJP(00)aug
[Einstein]; Carroll LRR(01)ap/00;
Peebles & Ratra RMP(03)ap/02;
Padmanabhan PRP(03)ht/02;
Bousso GRG(08)-a0708-ln.
@ I: Maddox Nat(89)feb;
Mellor SP(89); Goldsmith 95; Krauss & Turner
SA(04)sep.
@ And field theory: Schützhold PRL(02)
[QCD trace anomaly]; Sundrum PRD(04)ht/03 ["fat" gravity
and cosmological-constant suppression]; Moffat gq/03 [graviton
as bound state], gq/03-in;
Mashhoon & Wesson
CQG(04)gq [5D];
Mukohyama PRD(04)
[radiative corrections and stability]; Blasone et al BJP(05)ht/04 [neutrino
mixing]; Volovik JETPL(05)gq-in
[from macroscopic parameters]; Mahajan et al PLB(06)ap [Casimir
effect: not from zero-point energy]; Ram a0705 [as
zero-point energy]; Demir a0910; > s.a. brans-dicke
theory, standard
model;
wormholes.
@ As integration constant: Padmanabhan IJMPD(06)gq;
Cook
a0810; > s.a. modified
general relativity; unimodular gravity.
@ Other origin: Jackson & Hogan IJMPD(08)ht/07 [unconventional
quantum spin-statistics]; Pankovic et al a0712 [holography,
surface energy density]; Dale et al a0906 [vector-tensor
gravity, vector-field energy density].
@ And higher dimensions: Wesson FPL(06)gq/04 [vacuum
instability]; Bauer ht/06-PhD [discrete extra dimensions].
@ And quantum cosmology, Wheeler-DeWitt equation: Garattini gq/04,
a0910-in [as Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue]; Capozziello & Garattini CQG(07)gq [as
eigenvalue of Wheeler-DeWitt equation
for f(R) theory]; Garattini JPA(08)-a0712-in.
@ Related topics: Zel'dovich JETPL(67)
[and elementary particles]; Gasperini PLB(89)
[and spacetime dimension]; Henneaux & Teitelboim PLB(89)
[and time]; Louko CQG(91)
[discontinuity at =
0?]; Datta IJMPD(96)
[non-gravitating]; Aldrovandi & Barbosa
gq/02 [and
Lorentz group
Casimir]; Aldrovandi et al FP(03)
[ → 
];
Mersini-Houghton gq/06 [arrow
of time forbids
> 0]; Mazur ap/07 [from "gravitational
atoms"]; Lee et al JCAP(07)ht [from
entanglement energy].
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oct
2009