Refraction| Refraction |
In General > s.a. dispersion;
electricity; light.
* Idea: The bending of light when propagating
in a medium in which the speed of lightvp
varies with position; When it occurs at the boundary between two homogeneous media with
different values of n, it is described by Snell's Law.
* Index of refraction: Defined by
n(ω):= c/vp
= k/kvacuum; For light, k
= ω/c and n = c/v.
* Complex index of refraction: The
imaginary part of the index of refraction gives the absorption length in a material.
@ References: Champenois et al PRA(08)-a0711 [matter waves in gases].
> Related topics: see
Fermat's Principle; Snell's Law.
> Online resources: see
Wikipedia page.
Negative Index of Refraction
> s.a. meta-materials / electromagnetism
in curved spacetime; Kramers-Kronig Relations.
* History: 1968, Existence of materials
which bend light in the opposite direction to conventional materials (also known as
left-handed materials) first proposed; 2000, Demonstrated for the first time in
experiments; 2003, Several experiments and simulations demonstrated that negative
refraction is real and that causality is not violated; 2005, New material discovered
made from layers of superconducting and ferromagnetic thin films (until now, negative
refraction had only been achieved in metamaterials and photonic crystals); Associated
phenomena are a reverse Doppler shift and backward Cerenkov radiation and pressure.
@ General references: Veselago SPU(68);
Smith et al PRL(00);
Smith & Kroll PRL(00);
Smith pw(03)may;
Zhang et al PRL(03)
+ pw(03)oct;
Pendry CP(04) [rev];
Pendry & Smith PT(04)jun;
Lakhtakia & Mackay JPA(04) [vacuum, gravitationally assisted];
Lakhtakia & McCall NJP(05) [focus issue];
Ward et al NJP(05) [physical origin];
news pw(05)dec,
SFN(06)may;
McCall PRL(07) [not with gravity];
Ramm PLA(08)-a0710 [in acoustics],
PLA(08) [no perfect lenses];
Plum et al PRB(09),
Zhang et al PRL(09)
+ Wegener & Linden Phy(09);
Guney & Meyer PRA(09)-a0907 [and Klein paradox];
Mackay & Lakhtakia PLA(09) [not a covariant notion];
Forcella et al PRL(17)-a1611 [and spatial non-locality];
Nguyen a1803 [mathematical results and applications].
@ Experiments, realizations: Shelby et al Sci(01)apr [experiment];
news pw(07)may [natural material];
Velázquez-Ahumada et al AJP(11)apr [for microwaves];
Amariti et al JHEP(13)-a1107 [in hydrodynamics, and applications to quark-gluon plasma],
JHEP(11)-a1107 [and superconductivity].
Other Special Situations > s.a. Rainbow.
* Schlieren / shadowgraph imaging:
A method that allows for visualizing transparent gas density variations.
@ General references:
Gekelman et al AJP(11)sep
[complex index of refraction, and plasma experiments].
@ Fluctuations in the medium: Kovadlo & Kochetkova a1101-conf [in Earth's atmosphere];
Gearhart & MacIsaac TPT(20) [classroom demo of Schlieren imaging].
@ Other variations: Jääskeläinen et al AJP(11)jun-a1012, Nazari & Nouri-Zonoz PRD(12)-a1110 [spacetime index of refraction].
> Gravity and curved-spacetime-related topics:
see modified versions of QED [spacetime index of refraction];
photon phenomenology [curved spacetime].
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send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 14 jan 2020