|  Gravitational Lensing in Specific Spacetimes | 
Black Holes > s.a. gravitational-wave propagation;
  observational cosmology; gravitational phenomenology
  [birefringence]; tests of general relativity with light.
  @ Schwarzschild black holes: Ohanian AJP(87)may;
    Virbhadra & Ellis PRD(00)ap/99;
    Frittelli et al PRD(00)gq;
    Kanti Dey a1208 [strong lensing].
  @ Spinning black holes: Aazami et al JMP(11)-a1102,
    JMP(11)-a1102 [Kerr];
    Kraniotis GRG(14)-a1401 [Kerr-Newman-(A)dS];
    James et al CQG(15)-a1502 [and the movie Interstellar];
    Gralla & Lupsasca PRD(20)-a1910;
    > s.a. particles in kerr spacetimes.
  @ Schwarzschild-de Sitter black holes: Lake PRD(02)gq/01,
    a0711;
    Ishak et al MNRAS(10)-a0810;
    Schücker GRG(09);
    Khriplovich & Pomeransky IJMPD(08);
    Ishak & Rindler GRG(10)-a1006;
    Biressa & de Freitas Pacheco GRG(11)-a1105;
    Lim & Wang PRD(17)-a1609 [exact solution].
  @ Other black holes: Jackson PRD(01)gq [no hiding, and holography];
    Eiroa et al PRD(02)gq [Reissner-Nordström];
    Vázquez & Esteban NCB(04)gq/03 [Kerr];
    Whisker PRD(05)ap/04 [brane world];
    Eiroa PRD(06) [Einstein-Born-Infeld];
    Konoplya PLB(07) [magnetized];
    Sereno PRD(08),
    PRL(09),
    Bozza PRD(08)-a0806 [caustics],
    GRG(10)-a0911 [rev];
    Virbhadra PRD(09)-a0810 [and black-hole masses];
    Bin-Nun PRD(10)-a1004 [by Sgr A*, as a probe of modified gravity];
    Einoa & Sendra CQG(11)-a1011 [regular Bardeen black hole];
    Tsukamoto et al PRD(14)-a1402 [higher-dimensional, Tangherlini spacetime];
    Patil et al PRD(17)-a1610 [binary black holes];
    Jahani & Mann PRD(19)-a1810 [in Einsteinian cubic gravity].
  @ Other specific objects:
    Bozza & Mancini ApJ(04) [the star S2].
  @ Other cosmological-constant spacetime: Park PRD(08)-a0804.
Other Isolated Objects
  @ Wormholes: Eiroa et al MPLA(01)gq,
    Torres et al MPLA(01)gq [chromaticity];
    Safonova et al PRD(02)gq/01;
    Shatskiy AR(04)ap; 
    Tejeiro & Larrañaga gq/05;
    Nandi et al PRD(06)gq;
    Kanti Dey & Sen MPLA(08)-a0806;
    Kuhfittig EPJC(13)-a1311 [in the galactic halo];
    Shaikh et al PLB(19)-a1811 [novel features];
    > s.a. wormholes.
  @ Naked singularities:
    Virbhadra & Ellis PRD(02);
    Sahu et al PRD(12) [vs black holes];
    DeAndrea & Alexander PRD(14) [negative time delay].
  @ Other: Palle APS(05)ap  [quadrupole potentials];
    Amore et al PRD(07) [compact objects];
    de Swardt et al a1002 [spherically symmetric, 1+1+2-covariant];
    Chen & Jing PRD(12) [rotating non-Kerr compact object];
    Di Stefano & Esin a1412/ApJ [multiple-mass systems, effect on light curves];
    Shimanovskaya et al a1502 [quasar, time delay];
    Asada MPLA(17)-a1711 [exotic objects];
    > s.a. types of singularities.
Other Types of Spacetimes or Waves
  @ Cosmic strings: de Laix PRD(97),
    et al PRL(97);
    Bernardeau & Uzan PRD(01)ap/00,
    ap/00-proc;
    Shlaer & Tye PRD(05) [and instability of closed timelike curves];
    Agol et al PRD(06) [HST candidate excluded];
    Gasparini et al MNRAS(08)-a0710;
    > s.a. microlensing; tests
      of general relativity with light [light deflection with conical defects].
  @ Gravitational waves: Mollerach PRD(98)ap/97;
    Faraoni IJMPD(98),
    & Gunzig A&A(98)ap [in scalar-tensor gravity theories];
    Bisnovatyi-Kogan & Tsupko G&C(08)-a0809;
    Yang et al a1810;
    > s.a. radio astronomy.
  @ Cosmological models:
    Wambsganss et al ap/96/ApJ;
    Kaiser ApJ(98)ap/96;
    Ghassemi et al PRD(09),
    Goto & Kodama a1002-conf [Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi];
    Parsi Mood et al PRD(13);
    Melia et al AJ(15)-a1410;
    He & Zhang JCAP(17)-a1701 [dark energy as concave lens];
    > s.a. cosmological parameters.
  @ Of the cmb: Zaldarriaga PRD(00)ap/99 [non-Gaussian aspects];
    Jenkins et al PLB(14) [Feynman-diagram approach];
    Calabrese et al JCAP(15)-a1409 [multiple];
    Hassani et al JCAP(16)-a1511.
  @ Inhomogeneous, cumulative: Holz & Wald PRD(98)ap/97,
    Wald gq/98-proc [statistical distribution];
    Bergström et al A&A-ap/99;
    Claudel PRS(00)gq [including swiss cheese];
    Jain et al PRD(02)ap [brane world];
    Schücker a1006 [Einstein-Straus model];
    Chen et al PRD(10)-a1006 [swiss cheese, time delay];
    > s.a. relativistic cosmology [local models].
  @ More general spacetimes:
    Klinkhamer & Wang MPLA(19)-a1808 [stealth defect].
  @ Phenomenology: Safonova et al MPLA(01)ap [effects of violations of energy conditions];
    Bolejko et al PRL(13) [lensing by voids and brightening of the background];
    Hezaveh ApJL(14)-a1408 [measuring black hole masses at high redshifts];
    Jee et al JCAP-a1410 [measuring angular-diameter distances];
    > s.a. galaxy distribution [lensing by galaxy clusters];
    Doppler Lensing.
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