In General
> s.a. quantum-gravity phenomenology;
special relativity [including anisotropy of the speed of light].
* Motivation for tests:
An observed violation would be a manifestation of quantum-gravity effects.
* Possibilities: Small
shifts of an atom's energy levels, detectable in atomic clocks (&
Kostelecký); Deviations of cross sections and reaction thresholds
from standard model predictions (note that Lorentz violation is sometimes
associated with CPT violation); Modified dispersion relations measurable
in time-of-flight experiments, including faster than light travel;
Anisotropies in the speed of light, testable with rotating resonators;
Vacuum birefringence; Would be associated with a violation of the
equivalence principle.
* 2001: In analysis of
cosmological sources, the coefficients for Lorentz violation are bounded
by 3 × 1032.
* 2004: Preferred frame models
are for all practical purposes ruled out by experimental bounds (& Sudarsky).
* 2006: Lower bound of 0.0066
EP ~ 0.66 × 1017
GeV on violation scale from GRB 051221A; No effect on electron spin down to
10−21 eV from University of Washington
torsion-balance experiment [@ news pn(06)apr].
* 2007: Michelson-Morley
experiments give bounds of order 10−16
on coefficients for electrons and photons.
* 2009: No anisotropy in light
propagation has been seen at the 10−17 level.
* 2012: Explicit
Lorentz-invariance breaking is very tightly constrained by experiment,
and deformations generically lead to problems with locality.
* 2014: Michelson-Morley
experiments give bounds of order 10−18
on coefficients for electrons and photons.
* 2015: Tight bound
>1.6 EP (99% c.l.) for
energy scale of stochastic fluctuations in photon propagation speed.
@ General references:
Amelino-Camelia NJP(04);
Allen & Yokoo NPPS(04)ht [terrestrial + space based experiments];
Pospelov & Pomalis PT(04)jul;
Kostelecký SA(04)sep,
a0802-conf;
Mattingly LRR(05)gq;
Bailey & Kostelecký PRD(06) [framework];
Liberati PoS-a0706;
Kostelecký & Russell RMP(11)-a0801-conf [data tables, updated 2010];
Mattingly a0802-conf [proposals];
Kostelecký & Mewes ApJ(08)-a0809 [with electromagnetic waves, framework];
Bluhm a1302-ch [standard model extension, overview];
Liberati CQG(13)-a1304 [rev];
Bailey a1505-conf,
a1906-conf [rev];
Accioly et al a1604 [photon gravitational deflection].
> Related topics: see modified
lorentz group; tests of general relativity with light
[light bending]; violations of lorentz symmetry.
Earth-Based Tests > s.a. Anisotropy;
diffraction; Ether [drift].
@ Interferometry: Lämmerzahl CQG(98)gq;
Amelino-Camelia & Lämmerzahl CQG(04)gq/03;
Müller et al PRL(08)
[Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer and isotropy of gravity];
Pruttivarasin et al Nat(15)jan-a1412 [Michelson-Morley experiment for electrons];
Nagel et al nComm(15)-a1412 [precision tests];
> s.a. Michelson-Morley Experiment.
@ Gravitational-wave interferometers: Hansen et al PRD(15)-a1412;
Melissinos a1601-wd;
Kostelecký & Mewes PLB(16)-a1602;
Schreck CQG(17)-a1603.
@ Resonators: Lipa et al PRL(03)
+ pn(03)feb;
Stanwix et al PRL(05)hp,
PRD(06)gq [microwave];
Müller PRD(05);
Herrmann et al PRL(05),
PRD(09);
Müller et al PRL(07);
Eisele et al PRL(09)
+ news pw(09)sep
[no isotropy violation at the 10−17 level];
Baynes et al PRD(11) [non-rotating odd-parity asymmetric optical resonator];
Michimura et al PRL(13)-a1303 [optical ring cavity].
@ Hydrogenlike atoms: Belich et al PRD(06)ht;
Kharlanov & Zhukovsky JMP(07)-a0705;
de Campos Borges & Barone Rangel EPJC(16)-a1601
[corrections to the the ground state energy and wave function].
@ Atomic physics: Bluhm hp/01-conf,
et al PRL(99),
et al PRL(02)hp/01 [clocks];
Russell PS(05) [and optical];
Hohensee et al PRL(13)-a1303 [dysprosium];
Pihan-Le Bars et al a1701 [atomic clocks];
Shaniv et al PRL(18)-a1712;
Sanner et al a1809 [optical clocks];
news cosmos(19)mar [atomic clocks].
@ Bose-Einstein condensates:
Visser et al ht/01-conf;
Colladay & McDonald PRD(06);
Casana & da Silva MPLA(15)-a1106 [ideal bosonic gas].
@ Beta decay: Noordmans et al PRL(13) [reanalysis of old experiments on forbidden decays];
Díaz et al PRD(13)-a1305 [bounds on coefficients].
@ Other experiments:
Wolf et al PRL(03),
GRG(04)gq,
PRD(04)hp [oscillator and maser];
Kholmetskii PS(03) [Mössbauer spectroscopy];
Tobar et al PRD(05)hp/04 [photons, scalar + parity-odd coefficients];
Canè et al PRL(04) [neutrons, bounds on boost effects];
Cardone et al FP(06) [DC voltage produced by constant B field];
Kostelecký & Tasson PRL(09)-a0810
+ news ns(09apr [gravity-matter coupling];
Altschul PRD(10) [electron, boosts],
PRD(10)-a1005 [electron];
Bennett et al a1008-conf [tests of gravity];
DeAngelis et al NCC-a1011-proc [bound on asymmetry of particle lifetimes];
Noordmans & Vos PRD(14) [charged-pion decay];
Lo et al PRX(16)-a1412 [using rotating quartz oscillators];
Abe et Super-Kamiokande PRL(15) [with atmospheric neutrinos, no signs of violations];
Long & Kostelecký PRD(15)-a1412,
Kostelecký & Mewes PLB(17)-a1611 [in short-range gravity, tungsten oscillators];
Shao et al PRL(16)-a1607 [submillimeter scale];
Kislat & Krawczynski PRD(17)-a1701;
Tizchang et al EPJC(19)-a1811 [laser beam interacting with charged lepton beam];
Escobar & Martín-Ruiz PRD(19)-a1902 [ultracold neutrons].
@ And the equivalence principle:
Halprin & Kim PLB(99);
> s.a. classical equivalence principle.
@ And constants: Kostelecký et al PRD(03)ap/02.
Space-Based and Astrophysical Tests
> s.a. topological defects.
* Binary pulsars: Violations of
Lorentz symmetry in the orbital evolution of binary pulsars would induce a much more
rapid decay of their orbital periods due to the emission of dipolar radiation.
@ Space-based: Bluhm et al PRD(03) [and CPT];
Battat et al PRL(07)-a0710 [lunar laser ranging];
Klioner et al a1002 [astrometry];
Overduin et al a1307-conf [constraints from Gravity Probe B];
Hees et al PRD(15)-a1508 [with planetary orbital dynamics];
Bourgoin et al PRL(16)-a1607,
a1706 [lunar laser ranging];
Pihan-le Bars et al PRL(19)-a1912 [MICROSCOPE space mission].
@ Using gamma-ray bursts: Rodriguez & Piran JCAP(06)ap,
et al JCAP(06);
Xiao & Ma PRD(09)-a0909;
Maccione et al PRL(10)-a1003 [in stringy spacetime models];
Stecker APP(11)-a1102 [polarization, absence of birefringence];
Ellis & Mavromatos APP(13)-a1111 [and AGNs];
Kostelecký & Mewes PRL(13)-a1301 [improved sensitivity using GRB linear polarization];
Otte et al a1305-conf [prospects];
Vasileiou et al PRD(13)-a1305;
Couturier et al a1308-proc;
Zhang & Ma APP(14)-a1406;
Vasileiou et al et al nPhys(15)mar
+ news pw(15)mar [bound on energy scale for photon speed fuzziness];
Pan et al ApJ(15)-a1505 [Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, no evidence];
Wei et al ApJ(17)-a1704 [constraints from GRB 160625B];
Acciari et MAGIC PRL(20) [constraints from GRB 190114C];
> s.a. gamma-ray astronomy and GRBs;
phenomenology of lorentz violation.
@ Very-high-energy photons: Rubtsov et al PRD(14)-a1312 [detection];
Daniel et al a1508-proc [Cherenkov Telescope Array].
@ Using neutrinos: Biesiada & Piórkowska JCAP(07)-a0712 [neutrino tof delays];
Guo et al PRD(12)-a1206 [cmb data and the neutrino sector];
Amelino-Camelia et al a1307 [using IceCube data];
Ellis et al a1807 [multimessenger observations of blazar TXS 0506+056].
@ Using pulsars: Jacobson et al Nat(03)ap/02 [Crab nebula synchrotron radiation];
Maccione et al JCAP(07)-a0707 [Crab nebula and dispersion relations];
Altschul PRD(07)hp/06 [neutrons and pulsar timing];
Xie RAA(13)-a1208 [binary pulsars and constraints on standard model extension];
Otte a1208-proc [VHE emission from pulsars];
Shao & Wex CQG(12)-a1209 [small-eccentricity binary pulsars];
Shao et al a1211-MG13,
Shao et al CQG(13)-a1307;
Yagi et al PRL(14)-a1307 [binary pulsars];
Shao PRL(14)-a1402,
PRD(14)-a1412 [and standard-model extension];
Jennings et al PRD(15)-a1510 [binary pulsars].
@ Using gravitational waves:
Sotiriou PRL(18)-a1709 [from black-hole binaries];
Mewes PRD(19)-a1905.
@ Other astrophysics:
Bailey a0709-conf;
Biesiada & Piórkowska MNRAS(09)-a0712 [lensing delays];
Altschul PRD(08) [for pions];
Jacob & Piran PRD(08)-a0810 [extragalactic gamma-ray sources];
Tso & Bailey PRD(11) [light bending];
Boncioli et al a1509-conf [UHE cosmic rays];
Lorentz & Brun a1606-proc [blazar Mrk 501 flare];
Bettoni et al JCAP(17)-a1702 [using satellite galaxies];
Nogués et al PoS-a1710 [combined studies].
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