Unified Theories of Gravity and Electromagnetism| Unified Theories of Gravity and Electromagnetism |
In General > s.a. other unified theories.
* Idea: These are proposals for
unifying gravity and electromagnetism before quantizing the theories.
* Options: Either (i) Give up
the geometrical description of gravity, or (ii) Describe the other forces
geometrically, as in the Kaluza-Klein idea.
@ General references: Bertolami a1005-conf [historical];
Vaugon et al a1010 [higher-dimensional, a mathematicians' view].
> Related topics:
see kaluza-klein theory; post-newtonian gravity;
teleparallel theories; tests of general relativity.
Weyl's Theory > s.a. modified
theories of quantum gravity; Weyl Geometry.
* Idea: It unifies gravity and electromagnetism
in terms of a conformal geometry and a connection, with conformal changes in the metric being
"gauge," the conformal degree of freedom being related to electromagnetism; It implied
that clock rates depend on clock world-lines, which is incompatible with observation; In Dirac's
reformulation, the action is much simpler than Weyl's, but it requires a scalar field function to
describe the gravitational field, in addition to the metric, and the theory becomes a scalar-tensor
one; > s.a. conformal invariance.
@ General references: Weyl SPAW(18),
AdP(19),
Nat(21)feb;
in Weyl 52;
in Adler, Bazin & Schiffer 75;
Boulanger & Henneaux AdP(01)ht-conf [uniqueness];
Israelit FP(05)-a0710 [measurement standards];
Afriat SHPMP(09) [history];
Wheeler PRD(14) [as general relativity];
Romero a1508-conf [revisiting Einstein's criticism];
Chen & Ma PRD(18)-a1803 [Hamiltonian structure and connection dynamics].
@ And general relativity:
Romero et al CQG(12)-a1201;
Ghilencea JHEP(19)-a1812 [symmetry breaking to Einstein theory];
Oda a2003 [quantum
mechanical equivalence to Einstein's general relativity plus a massive Weyl gauge field].
@ Weyl-Dirac theory: Dirac PRS(73);
Israelit 99;
Mirabotalebi et al MNRAS(08)-gq/05 [as dark matter alternative].
@ Other variations: Pullin & Bressan GRG(87) [modified];
Flanagan PRD(06)ap [fourth-order];
Barabash & Pyatkovska UJP-a0709 [Mannheim's proposal, weak-field limit phenomenology];
Barceló et al JCAP(17)-a1703 [improved theory];
> s.a. teleparallel gravity.
@ Cosmology:
Elizondo & Yepes ApJ(94)ap/93;
Puetzfeld & Tresguerres CQG(01)gq [Weyl-Cartan theory];
Maki et al APPB(10)-a1204;
Jiménez & Koivisto PLB(16)-a1509 [inflation];
Deliduman et al a1511 [galaxy rotation curves].
@ Other phenomenology: Islam MNRAS(19)-a1811 [velocity dispersion profiles of galactic globular clusters].
Einstein's Unified Theory
@ General references: Einstein SPAW(25),
SPAW(28), MA(30)
[translation Unzicker & Case phy/05];
Tonnelat 55;
Antoci AFLB(96)gq/98 [geometry and fields];
Sauer HM(06)phy/04 [Einstein's Fernparallelismus];
Antoci et al GRG(05)gq/04 [electrostatics];
von Borzeszkowski & Treder FP(04) [and alternative geometries];
Antoci et al AFLB(08)gq/06 [confinement],
in(08)gq/07 [and sources];
Antoci & Liebscher a0706 [Treder and confinement];
Sauer & Schütz a2008;
> s.a. modified electrodynamics.
@ Non-symmetric g: Voros AusJP(95)gq;
Hammond a1901 [and torsion].
@ Variations:
Chamseddine in(06)ht [generalization to complex hermitian spacetime].
Other Proposals
> s.a. quaternions; torsion in physics.
@ Geometrical: Misner & Wheeler AP(57);
Ferraris & Kijowski GRG(82) [based on linear connection];
Belabbas PhD(11)-a1401.
@ General references: Lanczos JMP(67);
Mikhail & Wanas PRS(77),
IJTP(81),
Wanas ASS(89) [tetrad-based];
Miron & Radivoiovici-Tatoiu RPMP(89) [Finsler-based];
Samokhvalov PNPCR(91)-a1802 [group theory approach];
Özer gq/99
[and equivalence principle for the electromagnetic field];
Searight GRG(03)ht/04 [based on degenerate metrics];
Wanas & Ammar MPLA(10)gq/05 [based on parametrized absolute parallelism];
Chernitskii G&C(06)ht [4-vector field];
Hehl FP(08)phy/07,
& Obukhov FP(08)phy/07 [re Evans' theory];
Borzou & Sepangi a0902;
Giglio & Rodrigues AACA-a1109 [Riemann-Cartan structure];
Voicu a1111
[tidal tensors and connections on the tangent bundle];
Chew a1209.
@ With a 5th dimension: Beil IJTP(87) [5th timelike dimension, velocity-dependent metric];
Vignolo & Massa CQG(06) [5D, vielbein formulation];
Li FrPh(16)-a1511 [4D spacetime as a hypersurface];
> s.a. kaluza-klein theory.
@ With non-linear electrodynamics:
Chernitskii in(08)-a1006,
G&C(09)-a0907-in [and effective metric],
G&C(11)-a1106 [and gravitational field screening];
Torres-Gómez et al PRD(11)-a1011 [BF-type theory].
@ From affine geometries: Popławski IJMPD(09)gq/06,
a0705,
MPLA(09)-a0801;
Popławski IJMPA(09)-a0803 [Eisenhart's metric-affine theory];
Elyasi & Boroojerdian IJTP(11);
Cirilo-Lombardo IJTP(11).
@ Non-symmetric affine connections:
Ghose a1302-wd [Bose's theory];
Alhamzawi & Alhamzawi a1405;
Ghose a1408;
Kharuk et al G&C(18)-a1709;
Kharuk et al EPJwc(17)-a1803.
@ Phenomenology: Ghose a1408 [Mach's principle and cosmology].
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