Gravitational-Wave Background| Gravitational-Wave Background |
In General
> s.a. gravitational-wave analysis [including pulsar timing];
quantum-gravity effects.
* Idea: A stochastic background, supposed
to be roughly uniform between frequencies of 10−5
sec and 100 yr, isotropic, stationary over long periods, and Gaussian, because it comes
from many uncorrelated sources.
* Sources: In order of increasing
likelihood of detection, Parametric amplification of 0-point fluctuations during
inflation (flat spectrum in huge f range, including LIGO and LISA sensitivity);
Cosmic strings (relatively flat); Collisions of vacuum bubbles in reheating after phase
transitions (peak at 10−7 Hz ×
Ept/GeV; Unresolved isolated sources.
* And inflation: There were
three different production processes at work in the inflationary era –
Waves stemming from the inflationary expansion of space itself (which arise from
the quantum properties of the gravitational field); Waves from the collision of
bubble-like clumps of new matter at reheating after inflation; and Waves from the
turbulent fluid mixing of the early pools of matter and radiation, before equilibrium
among them (thermalization) had been achieved; Gravity waves would never have been
in equilibrium with matter (since gravity is such a weak force there wouldn't be
time to mingle adequately); Consequently the GWB will not appear to a viewer now
to be at a single overall temperature.
* Bounds: 1995, At some frequencies
we can already get bounds from the absence of δT/T s in the
COBE data (~ 10−18 Hz) or timing residuals
in msec pulsars (~ 10−8
Hz = (8 yrs)−1); 2005, LIGO results,
Ωgwb < 8.4 × 10−4
for flat spectrum 69–156 Hz.
@ General references:
Alpher et al PR(53);
Michelson MNRAS(87);
ApJ(94)428, p713;
Polnarev & Roxburgh GRG(95);
Grishchuk gq/98 [estimates],
LNP(01)gq/00 [rev];
Astone et al IJMPD(00);
Maggiore PRP(00)gq/99,
gq/00-ln [rev];
de Araujo et al PRD(00)ap [theory];
news pw(07)jan;
Mitra et al PRD(08)-a0711 [mapping];
Camerini et al PRD(08)-a0802 [blue waves and cosmology];
Giovannini PMCPA(10)-a0901 [relic gravitons, theoretical appraisal];
Su & Zhang PRD(12) [relic waves, energy-momentum pseudotensor];
Mandic et al PRL(12) [parameter estimation];
Romano & Cornish LRR(17)-a1608 [detection methods];
Renzini & Contaldi MNRAS(18)-a1806 [mapping, incoherent];
Romano a1909-ln [brief intro].
@ Spectrum: Hawking et al PRD(00)ht [in open de Sitter];
Phinney ap/01/MNRAS;
Farmer & Phinney MNRAS(03)ap [cosmological binaries];
Zhang et al CQG(05)ap,
CQG(06)ap [in accelerating universe];
Seto & Cooray PRD(06)ap/05 [very low f, constraints];
Lasky et al PRX(16)-a1511 [constraints];
Kuroyanagi et al JCAP(18)-a1807 [and future gravitational wave detectors];
Tsuneto et al JCAP(19)-a1812 [search for bispectrum];
Jenkins & Sakellariadou PRD(19)-a1902 [shot noise].
@ Anisotropies: Allen & Ottewill PRD(97)gq/96;
Olmez et al JCAP(12)-a1106;
Mingarelli et al PRD(13) [using pulsar timing arrays];
Kuroyanagi et al PRD(17)-a1604 [and the cosmic string network];
Jenkins & Sakellariadou PRD(18)-a1802 [formalism, the cosmic string case];
Jenkins et al PRD(18)-a1806;
Hotinli et al OJA(19)-a1904 [search];
Pitrou et al PRD(20)-a1910.
@ And astrophysics: Mazumder et al PRD(14)-a1401;
Callister et al PRX(16)-a1604 [limits of astrophysics].
@ Theoretical bounds: Cooray et al PRD(05)ap [cmb-galaxy cross-correlation];
Smith et al PRL(06),
Corda MPLA(07) [cmb];
Pshirkov & Baskarán PRD(09)-a0903 [large-scale magnetic fields];
Giblin & Thrane PRD(14)-a1410 [detectability].
@ Experimental bounds: Coughlin & Harms PRL(14)-a1401 [from seismic measurements];
Siegel & Roth ApJ(14)-a1401 [from helioseismology];
Aasi et al PRL(14)-a1406 [from 2009-2010 LIGO and Virgo Data];
Pagano et al PLB(16)-a1508 [from Planck 2015];
LSC & Virgo PRL(17)-a1612 [from Advanced LIGO data];
LSC & Virgo PRL(18)-a1802 [search for polarizations];
> s.a. interferometers and space-based detectors.
@ Bending of light: Faraoni ap/96-proc;
Kaiser & Jaffe ApJ(97)ap/96.
@ Back-reaction, and universal expansion: Dautcourt PRD(99)gq;
Garrison AIP(09)-a0808;
Chevalier et al PhyA(09);
Kuntz EPJC(18)-a1712 [quantum corrections];
> s.a. cosmological expansion.
@ Other effects: Kosenko & Postnov A&A-ap/99 [fluctuations];
Grishchuk PU(05)gq-conf [cosmology and cmb];
de Araujo & Miranda PRD(05)ap [and star formation rate];
Mangilli et al PRD(08) [and cosmic neutrinos];
Zhao PRD(09);
Rotti & Souradeep PRL(12)-a1112 [cmb lensing];
Barausse et al CQG(18)-a1805 [and black-hole mimickers];
Khodadi et al PLB(18)-a1805 [Planck scale effects];
> s.a. primordial black holes.
Sources and Other References > s.a. numerical
relativity; sources of gravitational radiation [including phase transitions].
@ Reviews: Hogan AIP(06)ap [LISA and inflation and other new physics],
pw(07)jun;
Schneider et al a1005/CQG-proc [extragalactic].
@ Cosmic strings: Hawking PLB(90);
Battye & Shellard ap/96-GRF,
CQG(96)ap;
Martin & Vilenkin PRL(96)ap [hybrid defects];
Damour & Vilenkin PRL(00)gq,
PRD(01)gq [non-Gaussian];
Allen & Ottewill PRD(01) [waveforms];
Siemens & Olum NPB(01);
Siemens et al PRL(07)ap/06;
DePies & Hogan PRD(07)ap [light cosmic strings];
Kleidis et al PRD(08)-a0806;
Sousa & Avelino PRD(13)-a1304 [power spectrum],
PRD(14)-a1403;
Chang & Cui a1910.
@ Quantum, primordial:
Soares-Santos & Gouveia Dal Pino ap/06;
Gogoberidze et al PRD(07)-a0705 [turbulence];
Krauss et al Sci(10)may-a1004
+ news SA(10)may [cosmology];
Freitas & Gonçalves a1102 [in Brans-Dicke theory];
Henrot-Versillé et al CQG(15)-a1408 [constraints];
Kanno & Soda PRD(19)-a1810 [Hanbury Brown - Twiss interferometry];
> s.a. loop quantum cosmology.
@ Inflation: Lyth PRL(97);
Bucher & Cohn PRD(97);
Gleiser & Roberts PRL(98) [collapsing vacuum domains];
Allen et al PRD(00)gq/99;
Giovannini hp/99;
Hertog & Turok PRD(00)ap/99 [instantons];
Langlois et al PLB(00) [on the brane];
Pilo et al PRL(04)ap;
Sahoo MPLA(05)gq/04 [Brans-Dicke, spectrum];
Alexander & Martin PRD(05)ht/04 [birefringence];
Siegel & Fry PLB(05)ap [extra dimensions, thermal spectrum];
Zhao ap/05 [model dependence of spectrum];
Easther & Lim JCAP(06)ap;
Smith et al PRD(06)ap [cmb vs direct detection];
Osano et al JCAP(07)gq/06 [second-order effects];
García & Figueroa PRL(07),
a0801-proc [hybrid preheating];
Dufaux et al PRD(07)-a0707 [preheating after inflation];
Easther et al PRL(07),
PRD(08)-a0712;
Smith et al PRD(08)-a0802;
Kuroyanagi et al PRD(09)-a0804;
Ashoorioon & Freese a0811 [chain inflation];
Shafi & Wickman PLB(11)-a1009 [supersymmetric hybrid inflation, and cmb];
Kuroyanagi et al PRD(11)-a1010 [future prospects of detection];
Brandenberger a1104 [spectrum and inflation];
Wu et al PRD(11) [quantum stress tensor fluctuations];
Senatore et al JCAP(14)-a1109;
Jinno et al PLB(12) [and cosmic phase transition];
López & Freese JCAP(15)-a1305 [and Advanced LIGO];
Guzzetti et al RNC(16)-a1605 [rev];
Tanin & Tenkanen a2004 [constraints on inflation];
> s.a. sources of gravitational radiation [lqc].
@ Other early universe: Kosowsky et al PRD(02)ap/01 [from turbulence];
Grishchuk gq/02-in;
Buonanno gq/03-ln;
Boyle et al PRD(04)ht/03 [cyclic universe];
Santos et al AIP(05)gq;
Izquierdo PhD(05)gq/06 [expanding universe];
Mandic & Buonanno PRD(06)ap/05 [pre-big-bang and LIGO];
Ananda et al PRD(07) [from primordial density perturbations];
Zhao et al PLB(09)-a0907 [detection];
Figueroa & Meriniemi JHEP(13)-a1306 [out-of-equilibrium fermions];
Caprini JPCS(15)-a1501 [cosmological sources];
Caprini & Figueroa CQG(18)-a1801 [rev];
Dalianis & Kritos a2007;
> s.a. cmb; propagation effects [conversion into photons].
@ Particles and fields: Del Campo & Ford PRD(88) [thermal γs];
Brodin et al PRD(00)ap [magnetized plasmas];
Enqvist et al PRD(12) [fermions].
@ Binaries: Regimbau & Chauvineau CQG(07)-a0707-proc [extragalactic ns-ns];
Rosado PRD(11)-a1106;
Evangelista & de Araujo MPLA(13)-a1504,
BJP(14)-a1504,
BJP(15)-a1504;
NANOGrav Collaboration a1602 [on the upper limit from the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array];
Abbott et al PRL(16) [implications from GW150914];
Nakazato et al ApJ(16)-a1605 [and galaxy metallicity];
Cholis JCAP(17)-a1609;
news cosmos(19)apr [NANOGrav];
Zhao & Lu MNRAS-a2009 [eccentric stellar compact binaries];
> s.a. black-hole binaries.
@ Other sources: Carbone et al PRD(06)ap/05 [cold dark matter halos];
Buonanno et al PRD(05) [supernovae];
Sigl JCAP(06) [phase transitions in neutron stars];
Sivaram & Arun OAJ(11)-a0708 [thermal sources];
Regimbau & Mandic CQG(08)-a0806 [astrophysical vs primordial];
Toonen et al MNRAS(09)-a0902 [stars around massive black holes];
Marassi et al MNRAS(10)-a1009 [magnetars];
Regimbau RAA(11)-a1101 [astrophysical];
Rosado PRD(12)-a1206 [rotating neutron stars];
Crocker et al PRD(17)-a1701 [stellar core collapse].
@ Other theories: Capozziello et al MPLA(07)-a0707 [scalar-tensor gravity, scalar waves],
APP(08)-a0712 [higher-order gravity];
Corda OAJ(09)-a0901 [in f(R) gravity, rev];
Nishizawa & Hayama PRD(13)-a1307 [massive gravity];
Maselli et al PRL(16)-a1606;
Isi & Stein PRD(18)-a1807 [formalism for general theories];
> s.a. higher-dimensional gravity;
Steady-State Cosmology;
string phenomenology; tests of general relativity.
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