Quantum Black-Hole Radiation / Spectrum |
In General > s.a. quantum black holes [entropy].
* Discrete, equal spacing:
(Bekenstein & Mukhanov) A = 4 ln 2, where n is a principal
quantum number, of degeneracy Γ = 2n−1
(from S ~ ln Γ and S = A/4), so M
~ n1/2; Lifetime of a level τ
~ 3840 γ−1 M ln2,
γ ~ 1; (Hod) A = 4n\(\hbar\)/ln3; This kind
of spectrum is not consistent with loop quantum gravity.
@ Area quantization, quantum geometry:
Louko & Mäkelä PRD(96)gq;
Hod PRL(98)gq;
Kastrup AdP(00)gq/99;
Ashtekar et al ATMP(00)gq/00 [isolated horizons];
Khriplovich PLB(02)gq/01,
gq/02-conf;
Kunstatter PRL(03)gq/02;
Abdalla et al MPLA(03)gq [quasi-extremal];
Gegenberg et al CQG(06)gq [midi-superspace approach].
@ Radiation, in lqg: Ansari NPB(07)ht/06;
Díaz-Polo & Fernández-Borja CQG(08)-a0706;
Geiller & Noui a1402 [near-horizon radiation];
Gambini & Pullin CQG(14)-a1402;
Gambini & Pullin a1408 [Schwarzschild, scenario];
Barrau et al PRD(15)-a1504 [spectra from Monte Carlo simulations],
PRL(16)-a1605 [possible line spectrum].
@ Spectrum: Jacobson PRD(91),
PRD(93)ht;
Louko & Whiting CQG(92);
Loustó PLB(95)gq/94;
Maggiore NPB(94)gq;
Unruh PRD(95)gq/94 [acoustic analogs];
Verlinde ht/95-ln;
Krasnov CQG(99)gq/97;
Berezin et al PLB(99)gq/98,
G&C(99);
Berezin IJMPA(02)gq/01-conf;
Khriplovich gq/04-conf [and correspondence],
IJMPD(05) [and quasinormal modes];
Das et al CQG(05)ht/04 [rotating, any dimension];
Setare ht/05-ch;
Parwani IJMPA(09)-a0904-conf [corrections to equispaced spectrum];
Medved MPLA(09)-a0906,
Ropotenko PRD(09) [equal spacing];
Mania & Maziashvili PLB(11) [and minimum-length deformed quantization].
@ Continuous spectrum:
Cavaglià et al IJMPD(95)gq/94,
IJMPD(96)gq/95;
Barreira et al GRG(96)gq;
Mäkelä PLB(97)gq/96;
Hollmann JMP(98)gq/96;
Nomura & Tamaki PRD(05)ht [+ non-linear electromagnetism];
Hod PLB-a1909
[effectively continuous for rapidly rotating black holes].
@ Discrete spectrum: Bekenstein & Mukhanov PLB(95)gq;
Khriplovich PLB(98)gq [equidistant];
Hod GRG(99)gq/00;
Bekenstein in(02)ht/01;
Barvinsky et al FP(02) [charged black holes];
Das et al MPLA(02)ht,
PLB(03)ht/02 [equivalence of approaches];
Polychronakos PRD(04)ht/03 [equidistant];
Oppenheim PRD(04)gq/03 [and quasi-normal modes];
Gour & Suneeta CQG(04)gq [different spectra];
Bekenstein PRD(15)-a1505 [Kerr black hole];
Hod EPJC-a1505
[the effective zero-point quantum-gravity fluctuation temperature agrees with the Hawking temperature];
Banerjee et al a1905 [and extra dimensions].
@ Quantum-gravity effects, corrections, metric fluctuations:
Barrabès et al PRD(99);
Wu & Ford PRD(99)gq;
Jacobson gq/01-in [and Lorentz violation];
Parentani IJTP(02)-a0705;
Agulló et al PRL(06),
PRD(07) [short-distance physics];
Thompson & Ford PRD(08)-a0803;
Schützhold & Unruh PRD(08)-a0805,
Barceló et al PRD(09)-a0807 [modified dispersion relations];
Husain & Mann CQG(09)-a0812 [phase transition and no radiation near Planck scale];
Nicolini & Rinaldi PLB(11)-a0910 [and minimal length];
Takahashi & Soda CQG(10)-a1004;
Banerjee et al PRD(10)-a1005 [correction to TH];
Barbado et al JHEP(11) [the trans-Planckian problem as a guiding principle];
Yoon JKPS(16)-a1210;
Corda EJTP-a1212 [problem for loop quantum gravity?].
@ Related topics: Jacobson & Kang CQG(93)gq [conformal invariance of T];
't Hooft NPPS(98)gq/97 [description as effective matter envelope];
Helfer PLA(04)gq [detection and energy extraction];
Dai & Stojković PRD(09)-a0812 [unparticles];
Nowakowski & Arraut MPLA(09)-a0905 [minimum and maximum temperature];
Braunstein & Patra PRL(11)-a1102
+ news pw(11)aug [derivation without spacetime];
Kawai et al a1203-wd [spacetime structure];
Oda a1503 [radiation inside black holes].
@ Other approaches: Bekenstein & Gour PRD(02)gq [eff];
Dolan JHEP(05)ht/04 [event horizon as fuzzy sphere].
Specific Types of Black Holes
@ Schwarzschild: Kastrup ht/98 [higher-dimensional];
Oliveira-Neto PRD(98) [Schwarzschild-de Sitter];
Böhmer & Vandersloot PRD(07)-a0709 [lqg, interior and singularity].
@ Kerr: Setare & Vagenas MPLA(05)ht/04;
Vagenas JHEP(08)-a0804 [and quasinormal modes];
Medved CQG(08) [area spectrum].
@ Kerr-Newman: Mäkelä et al PRD(01);
Gour & Medved CQG(03).
@ Reissner-Nordström: Kenmoku et al PRD(99)gq/98 [Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter];
Setare PRD(04)ht/03 [extremal, and quasinormal modes];
Dappiaggi & Raschi IJMPD(06)gq/05 [AdS-RN];
Oda a1503.
@ Other types: Peleg PLB(95) [dust];
Kowalski-Glikman PLA(98)gq [asymptotically-AdS];
Torres PLB(13)-a1309 [interior with inner horizon].
Evaporating Black Holes > s.a. black-hole radiation;
non-commutative gravity; non-locality in quantum gravity.
* Remark: The results from
semiclassical gravity are indicative of an important feature of full quantum
gravity, and of a deep connection between quantum field theory, quantum gravity
and thermodynamics, not yet understood; 1990, In particular, it is not clear whether
a horizon will form in full quantum gravity as in the semiclassical theory, and
where the radiation comes from physically.
* Spectrum: A line spectrum arises
from transition between states, whose envelope is a (truncated) thermal spectrum; Line
width ΔE ~ τ−1 ~ 1/30
of the line spacing; The spectrum is truncated because quanta that spend a long time
near the horizon feel its quantum fluctuations.
* Radiation and cutoffs: Radiation
seems not to be present if one puts a "hard" length cutoff, but
survives a "soft" one.
* Corrections to radiation:
Evaporation stops when the horizon radius reaches a scale at which spacetime
becomes effectively 3-dimensional.
@ Reviews:
Bekenstein in(99)gq/97,
in(00)gq/98;
Nomura MPLA(21)-a2011 [and quantum gravity].
@ General references: Oda gq/97;
Farley & D'Eath gq/05,
gq/05 [late time evaporation],
CQG(05),
gq/05
+ gq/05,
AP(06)-a0708 [spin-1 and -2],
CQG(05)gq [spin-1/2 amplitudes],
GRG(06)gq/05 [Vaidya spacetime],
PLB(06)gq,
CQG(07)-a0708 [in terms of coherent and squeezed states];
Bonanno & Reuter PRD(06)ht [spacetime structure of evaporating black hole];
Nomura et al PRD(13)-a1210 [complete description of the formation and evaporation of a black hole].
@ And lqg: Modesto gq/06;
Alesci & Modesto a1101;
Barrau et al PRL(11)-a1109
+ news tr(12)jan [quantum gravity (lqg) footprints];
Barman et al a1707 [the Hawking effect is short-lived in polymer quantization];
Ashtekar et al PRL(18),
PRD(18) [transition to white hole];
Ashtekar Univ(20)-a2001 [perspective]; Soltani et al a2105 [transition amplitude from black to white hole horizon].
@ Related topics: Arzano MPLA(06),
PLB(06)gq/05 [corrections in tunneling framework];
Hod & Keshet PRD(06) [selection rules];
Carlip & Grumiller PRD(11)-a1108 [and varying spacetime spectral dimension].
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