Variation of Newton's Gravitational Constant| Variation of Newton's Gravitational Constant |
In General > s.a. cosmic microwave background;
gravity theories; variation of constants
[and Milgrom's a0].
* History: 1937, Dirac
conjectured that G changes in time, based on the large-number
hypothesis; The idea was picked up by Pascual Jordan, who tried to develop
a modified general relativity based on it, with G as a scalar field;
G(t) is also predicted by Mach's principle.
* Theoretical motivation:
The constant G becomes a function of dyamical variables in theories
with extra dimensions such as Kaluza-Klein theory, or 4D scalar-tensor
theories with a dilaton-like scalar field, such as Brans-Dicke theory.
@ General references: Dirac Nat(37)feb;
Jordan 52;
Wesson PT(80)jul;
Damour et al PRL(88);
Accetta et al PLB(90);
Schücking PT(99)oct [Jordan's proposal];
Moss et al IJMPD(10)-a1004-GRF [conceptual];
Dungan & Prosper AJP(11)jan [and cosmology];
Kragh 16 [hist].
@ Brans-Dicke theory: García-Bellido et al PRD(94)ap/93 [inflationary];
Carneiro IJMPD(05)gq [and coincidence];
@ Other scalar-tensor: Torres MPLA(99)gq [and astrophysics];
Bronnikov et al G&C(02)gq;
Rubano & Scudellaro GRG(05)ap/04 [and the cosmological constant, renormalization];
Clifton & Barrow PRD(06)gq;
Wetterich PRD(14)-a1308 [variable gravitational constant (cosmon), and consequences for cosmology];
Ooba et al PTEP(17)-a1702 [cosmological constraints].
@ From extra dimensions:
Mansouri et al PLA(99)gq [varying d];
Mbelek & Lachièze-Rey G&C(02)gq [Kaluza-Klein and spatial variations?];
Loren-Aguilar et al CQG(03)ap;
Dehnen et al G&C(05).
@ And Mach's principle:
Unzicker gq/03 [theory];
Unzicker & Fabian gq/06
[solar system tests and constraints];
Darabi ASS(12)-a0802 [cosmic acceleration and Λ].
@ Other theory: Sidharth NCB(00)ap/99;
Mbelek & Lachièze-Rey A&A(03)gq/02 [and α];
MacGibbon a0706 [bounds from black-hole entropy];
Demir FP(09) [and vacuum energy];
Finster & Röken a1604 [general relativity with dynamical gravitational coupling];
Perivolaropoulos PRD(17)-a1611 [sub-millimeter spatial oscillations];
Paliathanasis EPJC(18)-a1806 [and the cosmological constant, dynamical analysis].
> Other theory:
see action for general relativity; cosmological
constant; general relativistic cosmology;
MOG; spherical symmetry in general relativity.
And Observations > s.a. tests of general relativity.
* Status: 2003, Presently
the most accurate method to test for the constancy of G is
lunar laser ranging.
* Experimental bounds:
Planetary observations give G−1
dG/dt = (2 ± 4) and (−2 ± 10) ×
10−12 yr−1;
Notice that (Hubble time)−1
~ 10−10 yr−1;
Other bounds come from the variation of the period of PSR 1913+16;
2004, G−1 dG/dt = (4 ± 9)
× 10−13 yr−1.
@ Observational constraints: Gaztañaga et al PRD(02)ap/01 [from supernovas];
Copi et al PRL(04)ap/03,
Clifton & Barrow PRD(05) [nucleosynthesis];
Umezu et al PRD(05) [cosmological];
Bisnovatyi-Kogan IJMPD(06)gq/05 [from binary pulsars];
Krastev & Li PRC(07)nt [terrestrial nuclear lab data];
Chan & Chu PRD(07),
Galli et al PRD(09) [from cmb anisotropies];
Martins et al PRD(10)-a1001 [correlated variations of α and G];
Nesseris et al JCAP(11)-a1107 [growth of structure];
Pitjeva & Pitjev SSR(12)-a1008 [planets and spacecraft];
Iorio CQG(11)-a1108 [constraints on spatial anisotropy];
Zhu et al ApJ(15)-a1504 [from 21-year timing of pulsar binary J1713+0747, consistent with no change];
Masuda & Suto PASJ(16)-a1602 [from transiting planets];
Wang & Chen EPJC(20)-a2004 [cmb data];
Dai PRD(21)-a2103 [from local gravitational acceleration measurements].
@ Gravitational-wave observations: Yunes et al PRD(10)-a0912;
Vijaykumar et al PRL(21)-a2003 [binary neutron stars].
@ Sinusoidal variation: Schlamminger et al PRD(15)-a1505 [analysis];
Iorio CQG(16)-a1506 [G does not vary sinusoidally in time as reported];
Desai EPL(16)-a1607 [using frequentist model comparison tests].
@ Other phenomenology: Amendola et al ap/99 [supernovae and acceleration];
Nordtvedt CQG(03) [and lunar laser ranging];
Benvenuto et al PRD(04) [white dwarfs];
in Williams et al PRL(04)gq;
Umezu et al PRD(05)ap [cosmological bounds];
Tomaschitz IJTP(05) [and solar luminosity];
Jofré et al PRL(06)ap [and neutron star equilibrium];
García-Berro et al IJMPD(06) [from supernova Hubble diagram],
JCAP(11)-a1105 [from white dwarf stars];
Sidharth FPL(06) [cosmology and Solar System];
Tartaglia & Radicella a0801 [luminosity of type Ia supernovae];
Li IJMPD(09) [evolution of binary-star orbits];
Córsico et al JCAP(13)-a1306 [pulsating white dwarfs];
Bel a1402 [and Earth and Moon orbital anomalies].
@ Inhomogeneities: Clifton et al MNRAS(05)gq/04.
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