Tests of Newtonian Gravity |
In General > s.a. branes;
equivalence principle; gravitational
constant; experiments [Cavendish]; phenomenology.
* Idea and motivation:
Various theories have occasionally predicted departures from Newton's
r−2 law; In particular,
brane-world models with "large" extra dimensions predict
departures at macroscopically small scales.
* Radial dependence: Small-scale
deviations from the inverse-square law could be evidence for higher dimcnsions.
* Status: 2001, So far the
r−2 law seems ok; Long tested
in the lab for L ~ 1 m with Cavendish-type experiments; Recently
verified down to 150 microns with torsion balances; Orbital measurements of
satellites and planets cover distances of the order of 100 km or more, and galactic
considerations give λ > 1019 m;
Recent geophysical experiments are bridging the gap, but results are still
controversial (some indicate a value of G about 1% higher than expected,
and/or a Yukawa-type component, but the method has been criticized); 2004, Large-scale
structure surveys find no departure at 1023-m
scales, lab tests from 137 microns still consistent with Newtonian gravitation;
2007, Torsion balance experiments find no deviation down to 56 microns.
* Gravity gradients:
1998, The most precise measurements, 10−10 g/m,
are done with atom interferometers.
@ News: Snadden et al PRL(98)
+ pn(98)jul [gradients];
news pn(00)may
[Adelberger et al, r2].
@ Overviews: Gillies AJP(90)jun [RL],
ed-92;
in Ohanian & Ruffini 94;
Adelberger et al ARNPS(03)hp
+ pw(05)apr;
Gundlach NJP(05) [lab tests].
Small-Scale Tests
> s.a. casimir effect; general relativity.
* Methods: 2018, Torsion-balance experiments
cannot probe gravity at very short distances, the current limit being about 0.01 mm.
@ General references: Long & Price CRP(03)hp [rev];
Azam PRD(08)-a0712 [brane-motivated violations of Birkhoff theorem].
@ Millimeter range: Long et al NPB(99),
hp/00-MG9 [below 1 mm];
Hoyle et al PRL(01) [down to 218 μm];
Long et al Nat(03)feb
+ pw(03)feb [108 μm];
Paik et al GRG(04) [in space];
Hoyle et al PRD(04)hp [137 μm to 10.77 mm];
Shao et al PRL(19)-a1812 [Lorentz violation tests];
Matsumoto et al PRL(19) [mg masses];
news sn(21)mar [90-mg gold balls].
@ Micrometer range:
Krause & Fischbach IJMPD(01),
Chiaverini et al PRL(03) [below 0.1 mm];
Dimopoulos & Geraci PRD(03) [proposal to use BEC];
Speake et al GRG(04) [L ~ 1 μm?];
Smullin et al PRD(05)hp [6–20 μm];
Ferrari et al PRL(06)
+ pn(06)aug
[Bloch oscillations in 88Sr];
Kapner et al PRL(07)
+ pw(07)jan [down to 56 μm ok];
Tu et al PRL(07) [down to 66 μm ok];
Weld et al PRD(08)-a0801 [apparatus];
Geraci et al PRD(08)-a0802
+ news pw(08)mar [bounds at 10 μm];
Masuda & Sasaki PRL(09) [0.48–6.5 μm range];
Sushkov et al PRL(11) [new bound between 0.4 and 4 μm];
Exirifard a1207
[enhancement around the gravitational saddle points of the Solar System];
Jenke et al PRL(14)-a1404 [gravity
resonance spectroscopy constraints, dark-energy chameleon field and dark matter axion-like spin-mass coupling];
Tan et al PRL(16)
+ news forbes(16)apr;
Luo et al a1607-conf;
Antoniou & Perivolaropoulos PRD(17)-a1708 [constraints on spatially oscillating forces];
news pw(18)jan [using neutron scattering off noble-gas nuclei];
Klimchitskaya et al Symm(19)-a1904 [CANNEX test];
Xu et al Sci(19)nov-a1907 [holding atoms for 20 seconds];
Hammad et al IJMPD(20)-a1910 [and gravitomagnetism].
@ Nanometer range:
Fischbach et al PLA(03) [iso-electronic effect];
Nesvizhevsky & Protasov CQG(04) [from neutron quantum states];
Klimchitskaya & Mostepanenko G&C(14)-a1403 [new constraints from measurements of the Casimir force];
Avelino PLB(19)-a1902 [sub-fm scale, distribution inside the proton];
Lemos et al CQG(19)-a1911 [spectroscopic tests].
@ Special effects: Camacho IJMPA(01)gq/00 [on quantum interference],
PLA(01) [on light coherence].
@ Related topics:
Fucito gq/00-conf [large and small scales];
Arun et al CQG(06) [with gravitational-wave observations];
Adelberger et al PRL(07) [constraints on dilaton, radion, chameleon and Yukawa interactions];
> s.a. Chameleon Field; neutrons.
Intermediate-Scale Tests > s.a. modified
newtonian gravitation [including PPN formalism].
@ Lab-based macroscopic range: Beane GRG(97) [0.1 mm – 1 cm];
Steffen IJMPD(04)gq/05 [10 cm, proposed experiment];
Trenkel PRD(08) [2 cm – 1 m, constraints on Yukawa term];
news pw(09)dec
[measuring g in the lab with a quantum atom "trampoline"];
Meyer et al GRG(12)-a1112 [and MOND, small accelerations];
Klimchitskaya et al PRD(13)-a1306
[constraints on Yukawa term from Casimir interactions between metal surfaces];
Hammad & Landry MPLA-a2005 [SQUID tests].
@ Earth scales:
Ander et al PRL(89) [Greenland ice];
Kim PLB(89) [re anomalies];
Thomas PRD(89) [analysis];
Fischbach & Talmadge AJP(91)mar;
Fischbach & Talmadge 99;
Baldi et al PRD(01) [lake water];
Ducheyne AHES(10) [history, experiments between 1798 and 1898];
Chen & Ralph PRA(19)-a1807 [measuring g with quantum optical interferometers];
> s.a. Gravimeter.
@ Special effects:
Boynton CQG(00) [torsion pendulum];
Mohazzabi & James AJP(00)nov [plumb line deviation];
Camacho IJMPA(01)gq/00 [interferometry];
Betrisey & Roehner a1306 [effect of the Moon on pendulum periods].
Large-Scale Deviations > s.a. MOND [tests].
* Cosmology: General relativistic cosmological
solutions, even in the presence of pressure, can be mimicked by using neo-Newtonian hydrodynamics.
@ Solar-System scales: Dvali et al PRD(03) [Lunar-ranging tests of cosmologically-motivated theories];
Kolosnitsyn & Melnikov GRG(04) [orbit precession];
Reynaud & Jaekel IJMPA(05)gq-in [and Pioneer anomaly];
Li & Zhao IJMPD(05)gq
[1.2 × 107 – 3.8 × 108 m, satellite-lunar];
Wallin et al ApJ(07)-a0705 [bounds from TNO orbits];
Iorio JHEP(07)-a0708
+ pw(07)aug [no modifications on scales larger than 0.1 AU];
Iorio SRE(08)-a0809 [Yukawa-like];
Bovy et al ApJ(10)-a0903 [other power laws];
Buscaino et al PRD(15)-a1508 [tests up to 100 AU].
@ Galactic scales: Camacho GRG(04)gq/03 [1014 m, Sagnac interferometry];
Zucker et al ApJL(06)ap/05 [motion around Milky Way center];
Brandao & de Araujio GRG(09)-a0910 [Yukawa-like potentials and galactic dynamics];
Scarpa et al A&A(11)-a1008 [globular clusters].
@ Cosmological scales: Uzan IJTP(03);
Sealfon et al PRD(05)ap/04 [Mpc, from large-scale structure];
Shirata et al PRD(05)ap,
PRD(07)-a0705 [from galaxy clustering];
Sereno & Peacock MNRAS(06)ap [mass density fluctuations].
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send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 11 mar 2021