3-Dimensional Massive Gravity Theories| 3-Dimensional Massive Gravity Theories |
In General > s.a. 3D gravity theories.
* Idea: Theories obtained by
adding to Einstein's gravity the usual Fierz-Pauli, or the more complicated
Ricci scalar squared (R2),
terms, are tree level unitary, but have their unitarity spoiled when
a Chern-Simons term is added (topologically massive).
@ General references: Bañados & Theisen JHEP(09) [as bimetric gravity, and black holes];
Grigore & Scharf a1008;
Sadegh & Shirzad PRD(11)-a1010 [constraint structure];
Zinoviev CQG(13)-a1205 [and bigravity];
Hohm et al PRD(12)-a1208 [Chern-Simons-like action, and Hamiltonian];
Edelstein et al PRD(17)-a1602 [causality];
Mishra a2005-MSc.
@ Black holes:
Ayón-Beato et al PRD(09) [Lifshitz metrics];
Tonni JHEP(10)-a1006 [warped black holes];
Ghodsi & Moghadassi PLB(11)-a1007,
Flory & Sachs PRD(13)-a1304,
Kwon et al JHEP(13)-a1308 [new massive gravity].
Topologically Massive Gravity
> s.a. 3D quantum gravity; bel-robinson tensor;
Faddeev-Jackiw Method; massive gravity.
* Idea: Three-dimensional
gravity with a cosmological constant and a gravitational Chern-Simons term.
* Action: The Einstein action (≅
ISO(2,1) Chern-Simons) plus a conformal gravity term (≅ SO(2,1)-Chern-Simons
or SO(3)-Chern-Simons).
* Field equations: If m is the
topological coupling constant, and C the (traceless) Cotton tensor, then
Gab + m−1 Cab = −k Tab ;
Notice that, since Cab contains
derivatives of Rab, the field
equations are third-order; It propagates a single massive spin-2 graviton mode.
* Drawback: One of the two (left/right)
central charges of the corresponding putative boundary cft can be shown to be negative
whenever the bulk AdS graviton has positive energy, which is inconsistent with quantum unitarity.
@ General references: Peldán CQG(92);
Deser et al NPB(94)ht/93 [particle scattering amplitudes];
Accioly & Dias IJMPA(06)ht/05 [non-unitarity];
Grumiller & Jackiw a0802-wd [with Λ < 0, and complex Chern-Simons terms];
Grumiller et al a0806-in [cosmological, at the chiral point];
Carlip et al PLB(08)-a0807,
Carlip JHEP(08)-a0807 [in AdS spacetime, constraint algebra];
Giribet et al JHEP(08)-a0807 [and chirality];
Grumiller & Johansson JHEP(08) [chiral point instability];
Oda a0905 [renormalizability];
Lashkari & Maloney CQG(11)-a1007 [and Ricci-Cotton Flow];
Grumiller & Vassilevich JHEP(10)-a1007 [graviton 1-loop partition function];
> s.a. energy positivity.
@ Canonical formulation: Hotta et al JHEP(08)-a0805 [Brown-Henneaux approach];
Blagojević & Cvetković JHEP(09)-a0812 [with cosmological constant];
Mišković & Olea JHEP(09)-a0909 [background-independent charges];
> s.a. symplectic structures.
@ Black holes: Dereli & Sarioglu gq/00;
Birmingham et al PRD(10)-a1006 [BTZ black hole, stability];
Flory & Sachs PRD(13)-a1304 [non-stationary exact solution];
Troessaert et al a1512-ln [and gravitational waves];
> s.a. black-hole perturbations.
@ Other solutions: Nutku & Baekler AP(89) [homogeneous, anisotropic];
Clément CQG(90) [point sources];
Ortiz AP(90) [homogeneous],
CQG(90) [spinning sources];
Edery & Paranjape PLB(97),
PLB(97)gq [localized mass and spin];
Dereli & Sarioglu PLB(00)gq [+ Maxwell-Chern-Simons, self-dual];
Henneaux et al PRD(09)-a0901 [asymptotically AdS spacetimes];
Chow et al CQG(10)-a0906 [classification];
Ertl et al CQG(10)-a1006 [stationary axisymmetric];
Henneaux et al PRD(11)-a1108 [asymptotically warped AdS spacetimes];
Moon & Myung PRD(12)-a1111 [polarization modes of gravitational waves];
> s.a. anti-de sitter spacetime; Kundt Spacetimes.
Quantum Theory > s.a. 3D quantum gravity.
@ Topologically massive gravity:
Deser & Yang CQG(90) [1-loop renormalizability];
Castro et al JHEP(11)-a1105 [with positive cosmological constant].
Other Theories > s.a. 3D gravity theories [massive 3D supergravity].
* Minimal massive gravity: A theory
that may be considered a variation on topologically massive gravity, and also propagates
a single massive spin-2 graviton mode, but in which the field equations are not the
Euler-Lagrange equations of any action constructed only from the metric, and are
nevertheless consistent; Both central charges of the dual cft are positive, and it
also seems possible to consistently couple matter.
* Other variants of topologically massive
gravity: Various higher-derivative modifications have been proposed to circumvent
the negative-central-charge problem but, except for Minimal Massive Gravity they have
always introduced additional, unphysical degrees of freedom.
@ Minimal massive 3D gravity:
Bergshoeff et al CQG(14)-a1404
and CQG+;
Tekin PRD(14)-a1409 [excitations and conserved charges];
Alishahiha et al JHEP(14)-a1409;
Setare NPB(15)-a1412 [in 3D AdS background];
Yekta PRD(15)-a1503 [Hamiltonian formalism].
@ Variants of topologically massive gravity:
Chen et al PLB(11)-a1106,
Bagchi et al JHEP(11)-a1107 [spin-3];
Chen & Long JHEP(11);
> s.a. dirac fields in curved spacetimes; supergravity.
@ Other theories: Bergshoeff et al PRL(09)-a0901
[higher-order theory, and massive Pauli-Fierz];
Paulos PRD(10)-a1005 [with curvature corrections];
Afshar et al JHEP(14)-a1405 [extended];
Geiller & Noui a1812 [simple theory, triad variables].
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