Topics, X

X Rays > s.a. astronomy.
* Idea: Energetic photons, usually coming from electronic transitions to deep-lying atomic levels, with energies in the KeV range.
* History: Discovered by Röntgen in 1895.
* Applications: Crystallography by X-ray diffraction; Medical imaging; Astronomy and astrophysics.
@ General references: issue PT(95)nov; Farmelo SA(95)nov [discovery]; Altarelli et al SA(98)dec [ultrabright sources]; Cesareo RNC(00) [and matter]; Als-Nielsen & McMorrow 01 [r PT(02)mar].
@ Phase imaging: Nugent et al PRL(96) + pn(06)sep; Fitzgerald PT(00)jul.
@ Diffraction from non-crystals: Miao et al Nat(99)jul + pn(99)aug.

Xenon > see elements.

XY Chain / Model > see quantum phase transitions; spin models.

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