General Concepts

• Phases: What are the main phases of matter, which ones are fluids, and what is the difference between them in terms of microscopic properties of atoms?
• Density: Definition, = m/V, and value for water.
• Pressure: Definition, P = F/A; Units (Pa); Value of atmospheric pressure; Gauge pressure.

Fluids at Rest

• Variation of P with height: In a fluid at rest, P = –g y.
• Pascal's principle: If an external pressure is added to a confined fluid, the pressure increases everywhere by the same amount.
• Buoyancy: Archimedes' principle, F_B = weight of displaced fluid = m_F g; Application to floating objects.

Fluids in Motion

• Flow rate: Concept of volume flow rates,

Q = V/t = Av .

• Equation of continuity: At two different points along a pipe, for an incompressible fluid,

A₁v₁ = A₂v₂ .

• Bernoulli's equation: For steady laminar flow of an incompressible fluid with no viscosity,

P₁ + v₁² + g y₁ = P₂ + v₂² + g y₂ .

• Applications: Be able to apply Bernoulli's equation to simple situations.