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Reference Sites (see also Solar System overview)
- NASA: GSFC Venus page,
(fact sheet, images, missions, etc); JPL page.
- General Information: The Nine Planets Venus page;
space.com Venus reference pages;
American Association of Amateur Astronomers page;
Astronomy for Kids page;
Solarviews.com page;
Virtual Journey into the Universe pages;
Spaceref's Venus
Today.
- Images and Quizzes: JPL pages;
Alwyn Botha's The-Solar-System Venus
page.
Other Topics
- Viewing from Earth: Venus dogs and pillars NASA page.
- Greenhouse Effect: ESA page.
Missions and Exploration (Planetary Society overview page)
- Mariner Missions: 1962 Mariner
1, 1962 Mariner
2, 1967 Mariner
5, 1971 Mariner
10 flybys (the 1964 Mariner 3 and 4, and the 1971 Mariner
9 missions went to Mars).
- Venera
Missions: Soviet missions to Venus, including
the first landings on another planet; 1981 Venera
13.; 1981 Venera
14.
- Pioneer Venus Project: Launched in 1978, carried an
orbiter and a multiprobe (NASA
site).
- Magellan Mission: Launched in 1989, in orbit and using
radar to map the surface from 1990 to 1993, plunged into the
Venus atmosphere in Oct 1994 (JPL
site, NASA
site).
- Venus
Express: An ESA orbiter mission proposed in 2001
to reuse the design of the Mars Express spacecraft (cancelled
in the 2002 science program but later reinstated), and launched
in November 2005 by a Russian rocket.
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