Hidden-Variable Theories

In General > s.a. realism.
* Idea: Realist or Subquantum Theories; "Quantum mechanics is crazy; Nature is not crazy; So quantm mechanics is incomplete".
* Types: Can be deterministic or non-deterministic; There are currently (1995) three main approaches to quantum mechanics "without observers", in which observers do not play a central role, Bohm's approach (pilot-wave interpretation), Hartle's approach (consistent histories), and the Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber approach; Different types of "beable theories" are the de Broglie, Bohm, Bell, Vink, and modal interpretations.
* No-go theorems: Cannot assign simultaneous unique values to all observables, unless they are contextual or the state space is 2D.
* And probabilities: If the quantum mechanical description of reality is not complete and a hidden variable theory is possible, what arises is the problem of explaining where the rates of outcomes of statistical experiments come from, as pointed out by Landé and Popper; Solutions have been proposed by Galvan and by Van Wesep.

Special Topics
@ And Lorentz invariance: Squires PLA(90) [proposal]; Hardy PRL(92); Vaidman PRL(93); Hardy & Squires PLA(92); Horton & Dewdney JPA(01) [non-local, Lorentz-invariant]; > s.a. quantum field theory.
@ And locality / causality: Teufel et al PRA(97)qp/96; Watson PE(00)qp/02; Scarani & Gisin PLA(02) [superluminal signaling]; Valentini PLA(02)qp/01, in(02)qp/01 [instantaneous signals]; De Baere FP(05); Norsen FPL(06)qp [Bell locality]; Conway & Kochen FP(06) [not possible]; Boozer EJP(09) [two spin-1/2 particles]; > s.a. causality; locality.
@ Local theories: Pearle PRD(70) [two spin-1/2 particles]; Marshall et al PLA(83) [and atomic cascade experiments]; Seipp FP(86) [stochastic]; Ferrero & Santos FP(97); Lewis FP(07); Matzkin a0706; Skotiniotis et al JMP(08)-a0707 [model for emulation of quantum mechanics].
@ Non-local theories: Leggett FP(03) [incompatibility theorem]; Branciard et al PRL(07)-a0708 [inequalities and experimental falsification]; Branciard et al Nat-a0801 [test of Leggett's proposal]; > s.a. relativistic quantum mechanics.
@ Clauser-Horne correlation inequalities: Garg & Mermin PRL(82); Angelidis PRL(83), comment Garg & Leggett PRL(83), Barut & Meystre PRL(83), reply PRL(83) [criticism].
@ Related topics: Zisis FP(00) [approximate]; Valentini in(01)qp [early universe and statistical equilibrium]; Rosinger qp/04, TMP(05) [criticism of von Neumann's proof]; Kalev et al FP(07)qp/06 [and entanglement]; Neumaier a0706 [single-photon experiment]; Diósi a0708 [Grassmann variables]; > s.a. quantum field theory.

References > s.a. pilot-wave interpretation.
@ Reviews: Genovese PRP(05)qp/07.
@ General: Bohm PR(52), PR(53); Kershaw PR(64); Bell RMP(66), in(71); Belinfante 73; Scully PRD(83); Mermin PRL(90); Fivel PRL(91); Dewdney JPA(92) [and pilot-wave theory, instructive]; Combourieu & Vigier PLA(93); Lanz IJTP(94); Bohm FP(96); Finkelstein PLA(96)qp/95 [measurement of beables]; Suppes et al NC-qp/96; Roy Pra(98)qp; Aerts IJTP(99)qp/01, qp/01-in; Lewis BJPS(06) [conspiracy theories]; Khrennikov NCB(06); Brandenburger & Yanofsky JPA(08)-a0711 [classification of properties]; Lokajicek a0905 [arguments in favor].
@ No-go theorems: & Jauch & Piron, refutation Bohm & Bub RMP(66); Fine & Teller FP(78); Jordan & Sudarshan AJP(91)aug, comment Mermin AJP(91)jan; Methot CJP(06)qp/05-in [rev]; Whitaker FP(07) [criticism of 1933 argument by Solomon]; Nagata FP-a0801 [unconditional]; Colbeck & Renner PRL(08)-a0801 [no non-trivial local parts], counter-arguments Wechsler a0907, Larsson & Cabello a0907, clarification a0907; > s.a. bell's inequality.
@ Tests: Clauser et al PRL(69); Fox & Rosner PRD(71); Pankovic PLA(89) [not possible]; Genovese PRA(04) [with neutral K's]; Valentini ap/04 [black holes, Malus' law and entangled states]; Brida et al JPC(07)qp/06 [including stochastic electrodynamics]; Santos a0706 [experiment that violates quantum predictions?]; Kyachko et al PRL(08) [for spin-1 systems]; Oliveira & Amarante-Segundo PhyA(09) [tunneling].
@ And probabilities: Galvan qp/04; Van Wesep AP(06)qp/05.
@ And spacetime structure: Valentini in(08)qp/05 [non-local signaling and simultaneity]; Tumulka BJPS(07)qp/06 [re values of observables].
@ Einstein's view: see issue FP(90)#8; Paty FP(95); Mehra 99; Holland FP(05)qp/04.
@ In favor: Thompson FPL(96)qp; Neumaier qp/99; 't Hooft qp/02-in.

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