History of Physics

In General > s.a. history of physics by areas.
* Trends: In fundamental physics, questions that were metaphysical at one time become well-posed at a later time.
* Analogy: Copernicus, Kepler, Newton were like sleepwalkers, who managed to go where they wanted to without knowing how (A Koestler); Einstein even more.
@ General references: Buckley 29; Einstein & Infeld 38; Yourgrau & Breck ed-70; McCormack ed-74; Heilbron & Wheaton 81 [refs]; Weart & Phillips ed-85; Kargon & Achinstein ed-87; Brush AJP(87)RL, ed-88; Weaver 87; Park 88; Motz & Weaver 89; Wu IJMPA(89); Roche ed-90.
@ Biographies: Daintith et al 94; Porter ed-94, & Ogilvie ed-00.
@ Special topics: Shamos 59 [great experiments]; McCoy ht/96-in [physics vs metaphysics]; Rabinowitz JNE(01)phy [limitations]; Davies phy/02 [and astronomy]; Wilczek Nat(04)phy [examples]; Brown AJP(06) [role of myths]; Crease pw(07)jan [role of letters for historians]; Jackson a0708-AJP [0th theorem of the history of physics].

Models, Stages of Evolution
* Taketani's three stages: Phenomenological (Tycho / Franklin's & Gilbert's in electromagnetism / cross sections, branching ratios in particle physics); Substantialistic (kinematics: Kepler's laws / Faraday & Oersted / standard model); Essentialistic (dynamics, Newton's laws / Maxwell's equations / ??).
@ References: Taketani PTPS(71), Sakata PTPS(71); Bellone & Bruzzanti RNC(92); Bacry IJTP(93).

History of Physics / Science Education
* V century BC: The trivium was composed of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric; the quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and harmony; "Nature" was not studied until the late XVIII century.

Early Developments > s.a. vacuum; {#Newton}.
* First prediction: A solar eclipse in 585 BC, by Thales of Miletus (Ionia), using Babylonian astronomical tables.
* Earliest views of Nature: Forces at work in the world were thought of as generalizations of human emotions.
* Thales: The universe is composed of water, moving under forces inherent in itself – not at the whim of the Gods.
* Anaximander of Miletus: The universe is composed of a common inanimate substance from which Earth, Mist, Fire and Water are formed, in some sense moving in search of their equilibrium.
* Pythagoras' school: (Croton, Italy) Nature is governed by Mind; They had a deep mathematical sense.
* V cy BC, Leucippus and Democritus: Atoms moving under the influence of laws.
* III cy BC, Archimedes: The most important scientist of Antiquity, worked on on buoyancy, and centers of gravity in planes, among other things.
* Interlude: The naturalistic view of the universe lay dormant from the V cy BC to the Renaissance (e.g., Leonardo).
* XVIII cy: Physicists became fascinated with electricity; 1746, Leyden jars store charge and produce sparks; 1752, Franklin draws electricity from lightning with kites; Doctors treat patients with electric shocks; France plays prominent role in research.
* XIX cy: 1800, Volta invents the electric pile; Physics became recognized as the key to the secrets of nature, and to the products of industrial and military innovation; But physics then was remarkably different from its modern incarnation; It concerned itself with a mysterious, all-pervading and impossible-to-detect ether, through which forces, radiation and matter manifested themselves; Many of its practitioners were concerned with understanding nature in metaphysical or theological terms, others were devising spectacular demonstrations of "natural" effects to earn a living, still others had interests in spiritualism and psychical research; And physicists were also public intellectual figures, engaging in political and economic debate; The UK plays prominent role in research.
@ General references: Sambursky 87 [early physics]; Greene 92 [preclassical science]; Pedersen 93; Wallace pw(99)dec [before Galileo].
@ Middle Ages to XIX cy: Barrañón phy/01 [Alonso de la Veracruz]; Sylla PT(08)apr [Medieval dynamics, 1328 Thomas Bradwardine].
@ XIX century: Purrington 97; Garber 99 [and XVIII, pw(99)oct], d’Agostino 00 [and XX, theoretical physics]; Morus 05 [r pw(05)aug]; Capri 07 [and XX].

Sociology, Politics, Countries, Community of Physicists
* Physicists: Physics as a profession arose in the mid 1800's; The word 'physicist' was coined by Wheewell.
@ History of the community: Phillips AJP(89); Kevles 95.
@ Formation of physicists: issue PT(86)jun.
@ Countries: Low HSPBS(99) [Japan]; Morán-López PT(00)oct [Latin America]; Kak phy/03 [India]; Sánchez-Ron HSPBS(02) [Spain]; Baracca et al PT(06)sep [Cuba]; Narayan phy/07, phy/07 [Indian Nyaya-Vaisesika School].
@ Special topics: Rothman 89 [fashions]; Schweber PT(93)nov [restructuring]; Kirby & Czujko PT(93)dec [job market]; Galam PhyA(04)phy-in [sociophysics]; Appelquist & Shapero PT(01)nov [community in new century]; > s.a. XX century, XXI century.

Individual Physicists and Personal Accounts
@ Personal accounts: Born 68, 69; Gamow 70; Heisenberg 75; Dyson 81; Casimir 83; Heisenberg 83; Feynman 85, 88; Peierls 86; Bernstein 88; Wick in(88); Lifshitz ed-89; Weisskopf 89; Bondi 90; Rossi 90; Bethe 91; Zel'dovich 92; Sagdeev 95.
@ By physicists: Landau 65; Wheaton & Heilbron 82; Lightman & Brawer 90; Bernstein 93; Freund 07.
@ On physicists: Cropper [from Galileo to Hawking]; Bernstein 01; James 04 [r pw(04)apr]; Jones CP(05) [from Galileo to Yukawa]; Crease pw(08)jan [re Dictionary of Scientific Biography].

Online Resources > see AIP Center for History of Physics; Physics timeline.

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Send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – Modified 9 jun 2008