Experimental Particle Physics

In General > s.a. XX-century physics [institutions, labs]; experimental projects.
* 2001 status: Five centres operating in the front line, CERN, DESY, Fermilab, Stanford, and KEK; Main goals are search for the Higgs boson, super particles, and a detailed study of q and properties; The Tevatron (Fermilab, 1+1 TeV) and LHC (under construction at CERN, completion expected in 2006) will search for Higgs; LC (international, probably at Fermilab) proposed for detailed study of decay modes; B-factories (Stanford and KEK) will probe the difference between matter and antimatter in greater detail; Under consideration are a VLHC, a storage ring, and a factory.
@ References: Fernow 86; Schramm SA(88)jun; Perkins 00; Bettoni et al PRP(06) [future]; Cahn & Goldhaber 09.

Accelerator Physics > s.a. black-hole formation; QCD phenomenology [RHIC]; string phenomenology.
* Idea: Study various properties of electroweak and strong interactions.
* History: Up to the 1970s, elastic experiments were thought to be the best to probe nuclear structure (inelastic ones too messy), but deep inelastic scattering proved more effective (nuclei have no massive core like atoms), and led to Bjorken and Feynman's studies, scaling, partons, and the connection to previously proposed quarks.
- 1996: m-long laser accelerators for e's up to MeV's (D Umstadter et al, PRL); Energy up to GeV's expected soon.
* Major steps and accelerators: Cyclotron, phase stability (relativistic change in mass); strong focussing (BNL: reduced size), storage rings (ISR), superconducting magnets.
- LEP: 50+50 GeV e⁺e^– data from 1989 (Z resonance, 10⁷ seen); 70+70 GeV e⁺e^– from 1995 (expect perhaps supersymmetric particles); 98+98 GeV expected in 1998 with SC magnets; Shut down in 2000 for LHC construction.
- SLC: Taking data from 1989.
- SSC (Superconducting Supercollider): 20 20 TeV pp, cost 3–6 10⁹ USD, 82.9 km circumference; Approved by Reagan (01.1987); Site selected Waxahachie, Texas; Killed by congress (data were expected by 1994-1996).
- FEL -ray beam: Intense, collimated, monoenergetic 122 MeV 's [@ Litvinenko et al PRL(97)].
* LHC project: Uses the same tunnel as LEP, but E_cm = 14 TeV; 2006, Data taking expected by 2007; 2007, Switch-on in May 2008; 2008, Switched on but shut down in Sep because of magnet quench; 2009, LHC to restart in November at half its design energy.
* Muon collider project: Feasibility studied (09.1996); Advantage is smaller size than e⁺e^–, better use of energy (TeV) than p+p-bar; 's live little but enough; production and cooling to be studied.
* Magnets: Use dipoles for beam bending, quadrupoles for focussing (in one plane each).
* For neutral atoms: 2001, 1-cm radius "Nevatron" storage ring built; atoms move at about 1 m/s, their dipole moments pulled by magnetic fields. Could be used for atom optics, as part of a quantum computer, or as a very sensitive gyroscope [@ Sauer et al PRL(01)].
@ General references: Myers & Picasso SA(90)jul [LEP]; Sessler PT(98)mar [gamma and muon colliders]; Wilson 01 [r PT(02)aug]; Riordan HSPBS(01) [SSC]; Ludlam & McLerran PT(03)oct [RHIC]; Berkelman 04 [CESR/CLEO]; Hinchliffe & Battaglia PT(04)sep [TeV linear collider]; Telnov APPB(06)phy-in [photon colliders]; Joshi SA(06)feb [plasma accelerators]; Riordan & Zajc SA(06)may [RHIC]; news pw(07)feb [International Linear Collider proposal]; Domondon SHPSA(09) [demise of SSC in epistemological terms].
@ Accelerator physics: Lee 04; Wiedemann 04; Sessler & Wilson 07 [history]; Conte & MacKay 08.
@ Beam deflection by crystal: CERN courier jan/feb 96; news pn(96)mar.
@ Catastrophes? Kent hp/00, RA(04)hp/00 ["killer strangelet"].
@ LHC: Smith SA(00)jul; Maiani IJMPA(04), Rodgers pw(04)sep, news pw(06)jun, news pw(06)oct, Chalmers pw(06)oct, Parker pw(06)oct, news pw(07)jun, pw(07)jun, PT(07)sep [status]; Feng CQG(08)-a0801-in [and cosmology]; Litim & Plehn PRL(08) [gravitational fixed points]; Collins SA(08)feb; Castelvecchi SA(09)apr [new approach to data analysis]; Lincoln 09 [I].

Non-Accelerator Physics > s.a. cosmic rays; dark matter; neutrinos.
* Areas: Study proton decay, solar neutrinos, cosmic rays, dark matter, search for fractional charges.
@ Neutrinos: Halzen hx/96-in [AMANDA detector]; Detwiler et al PRL(02)hx [from nuclear vessels].
@ Fractional charges: Perl & Lee AJP(97)aug; Loomba et al RSI(00); Sbarra et al ap/03-in; Perl et al MPLA(04) [rev].
@ Related topics: Bethlem et al PRL(99) + pn(99)aug [neutral particle decelerators]; in NPPS(07)166 [in space].

Specific Topics and Concepts > s.a. history of physics.
@ Detectors: Kleinknecht 99; Grupen & Shwartz 08.
@ Technological consequences: news NS(90)feb10, p43.
@ Sociological aspects: Pickering & Trower Nat(85)nov; Traweek 88; Staley 04 [evidence for top quark].
> Specific experiments: see CPT; particle types.
> Specific topics: see anomalous acceleration; Luminosity; monopoles.

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