Condensed
Matter| Condensed
Matter |
In General, Structure > s.a. history
of physics; phase
transition; technology.
* Idea: Condensed-matter
physics studies macroscopic matter with strong interactions among constituent
parts; The most common forms of condensed phases are solids and liquids, but
granular solids are now recognized by scientists as a different state of
matter.
* 2D: Electron gases
in the quantum Hall effect; Planar sprinklings of atoms at the surface of a
superfluid have
been studied; 1998, 2D atom gas [@ Gauck
et al PRL(98)
+ pn(98)dec].
@ General references:
Cohen PRL(08) [history].
@ Books: Weinberg 83 [I]; Krieger 96 [modeling matter]; Chaikin & Lubensky
00; Marder 00 [r PT(01)jun];
Taylor & Heinonen 02 [r PT(03)may];
de Gennes 03; March & Angilella 09 [molecules,
clusters]; Sander 09 [advanced]; > s.a. group
theory; quantum
field theory and effective theories.
@ Related topics: Bach et al LMP(95)
[N electrons in molecule, with radiation]; Hartnoll CQG(09)-ln
[holographic methods].
> Related topics: see Luttinger Liquid [1D]; Phonon.
Gaseous and Liquid Matter > s.a. atomic
physics;
Extended Objects; fluid; Foam;
Rayleigh Jets;
statistical mechanics; Superfluids;
Water.
* Solution: Molecule-sized particles are completely dissolved in a
solvent, binding with it chemically.
* Colloid: Intermediate between
solution and suspension, colloidal particles are about 10–6 cm in diameter.
* Suspension: Large particles float in a liquid medium, and would
settle out if allowed to rest.
* Result: Liquids with expansive freezing resist turning into viscous
solid-like configurations when squeezed.
@ Liquids: issue PW(96)apr; Granick PT(99)jul,
Taylor pw(02)feb
[lubricants]; Maris &
Balibar PT(00)feb
[negative p and cavitation]; Jagla PRL(02)
[expansive freezing and viscosity];
March & Tosi 02; Dorbolo et al NJP(03)
+ pw(04)jan
[antibubbles];
Plazanet et al JCP(04)
+ pw(04)sep
[liquid
that freezes when heated]; news pn(07)nov
[spherical glass beads as zero-surface-tension
liquids]; Cardoso Phy(08)
[shapes of liquid drops]; Cavagna PRP(09)
[supercooled]; Craster & Matar RMP(09)
[thin films, dynamics and stability]; > s.a. helium [thermodynamics]; liquid
crystals; non-equilibrium statistical
mechanics.
@ Interfaces: Vella & Mahadevan AJP(05)sep
[floating clumps and the cheerios
effect]; Bonn et al RMP(09) [wetting and spreading].
Solid Matter > s.a. crystals;
Disordered Systems; Extended
Objects; matter [including food]; molecular
physics;
Order; superconductivity.
* Idea: The field studies materials,
but it has also taken on a more and more active role, by manufacturing new
materials with desired combinations
of properties such as thermal and electric conductivity, density, etc.
* Molecular solids: Molecules
rather than atoms make up the lattice; Examples are cubane C8H8,
and solid C60.
* Metals: Studies of
Hg clusters shows that the transition to metallic behavior occurs in the 20–70
atom range.
* Tensile strength: Spider
silk has higher tensile strength than steel.
* Glass: Regular glass
is made with molten sand, limestone, and soda ash; In general, some liquids
become glassy and others ordered when colled, the result depending to a large
extent on the colling process, and also on the "fragility" of the
liquid, m:=
/(Tg/T)|T = T_g,
where is
viscosity, related
to Poisson's ratio of bulk to shear modulus.
* Pyrex: Much stronger
glass, made by adding boron silicate; Discovered in the 1880s, later marketed
by
Corning.
* Supersolid: A solid
material with the characteristics of a superfluid; Observation first announced
in 2004 for ultracold 4He [@ PSU press
release], in which a small fraction decouples from the rest
of the solid
and
flows effortlessly
through the material as if it were not there; First predicted
in 1969 by Russian theorists Alexander Andreev and Ilya Liftshitz;
2007, Behavior is strongly dependent on the amount of crystal disorder in the
sample; Simulations indicate it is due to screw dislocations; Mounting evidence
from phase transition signature in specific heat.
@ Texts: Peierls 74; Ashcroft & Mermin 76; Harrison 80, 99 [e structure];
Anderson 84; Blakemore 85; Rosenberg 88; Kittel 95; Mihály & Martin
96 [problems]; Anderson 97 [lectures]; Phillips 03 [advanced, r PT(03)jun];
Kantorovich 04 [quantum]; Duan & Guojun 05.
@ Amorphous solids: Zallen 98; Alexander PRP(98);
Binder & Kob 05 [statistical
mechanics].
@ Glass: Angell Sci(95)mar
[fragility of liquids]; Zanotto AJP(98)may,
Zanotto & Gupta AJP(99)mar
[(non)flowing]; Ellis 98; Leuzzi & Nieuwenhuizen 07 [thermodynamics, r
JSP(08)dec]; Binder
& Kob 08 [statistical mechanics]; > s.a. phase
transitions.
@ Wires: Snijders et al PRL(06)
+ pn(06)feb
[atom wires].
@ Negative thermal expansion: Zirconium Tungstate ZrW2O8,
Mary et al Sci(96)apr; news livesci(04)dec.
@ Supersolid: news pw(04)jan;
Kim
& Chan Sci(04)
+ pw(04)aug
[supersolid 4He];
Rittner
& Reppy PRL(06)
+ Todoshchenko et al PRL(06)
+ pw(06)nov
[controversy]; Chalmers pw(07)may
[rev]; news pw(07)may
[role of disorder]; Diallo et al PRL(07)
+ pw(07)may
[doubts]; Clark et al a0706 + pw(07)jun
[does not require superfluid grain boundaries]; Boninsegni et al PRL(07)
+ pw(07)jul
[screw dislocations]; news pw(07)oct
[evidence]; Biroli et al PRB(08) + Nussinov Phy(08) [superglass].
@ Related topics: Berenbaum ThSc(95)sep
[spider silk]; Collier et al Sci(97)sep
[metal/insulator switching]; Brack SA(97)dec [metal
clusters]; Büttiker & Thomas
SM(98)qp/97 [evanescent
media]; Barnett & Madan pw(98)jan
[superhard lattices]; Gay & Leibler
PRL(99),
PT(99)nov
[sticky materials]; Eberhart SA(99)oct
[breaking vs bending]; Heiselberg & Hjorth-Jensen
PRP(00)
[phases in neutron stars]; Polturak & Gov CP(03)
[quantum solids];
Kotliar & Vollhardt PT(04)mar
[strongly correlated materials].
> Related topics: see Bose-Einstein
Condensation; Defects; Elasticity;
Ice;
specific heat; Transport.
Other Levels of Structure > see atomic; matter [including stability]; meta-materials; nuclear; particle physics.
"God made solids, but surfaces are the work of the devil" – W Pauli
main page – abbreviations – journals – comments – other
sites – acknowledgements
send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 4
nov 2009