Phenomenology
and Tests of Lorentz
Invariance| Phenomenology
and Tests of Lorentz
Invariance |
Lorentz Invariance in Physics > s.a. lorentz
group; poincaré group; quantum-gravity
phenomenology; special relativity.
@ General references: in Will 93, ch2 [evidence]; Rodrigues & Sharif FP(01)
[local, in general relativity]; Wolf
et al gq/03-in
[tests]; Lämmerzahl AdP(05).
@ Origin of Lorentz symmetry: Froggatt & Nielsen hp/02-in
[derivation in quantum field theory]; Korbel ht/04 [quantum].
@ Related topics: Kim cm/96-in
[in condensed matter]; Chkareuli et al PRL(01)hp [and
origin of gauge symmetries]; Peres & Terno JMO(02)qp/01 [of
open systems]; Livine & Oriti
JHEP(04)gq [in
discrete setting]; Szabó FPL(04)
[not fundamental]; Rodrigues et al IJGMP(05)mp [and
ambiguity of curvature/torsion]; > s.a. finsler
geometry; probabilities; relativistic
quantum mechanics.
Tests and Status > s.a. GRBs; modified
lorentz group;
quantum-gravity phenomenology; special
relativity; topological
defects.
* Motivation for tests:
An observed violation would be a manifestation of quantum-gravity effects.
* Possibilities: Small
shifts of an atom's energy levels, detectable in atomic clocks (& Kostelecky);
Deviations of cross sections and reaction thresholds from standard model predictions
(note that Lorentz violation is sometimes associated with CPT violation); Modified
dispersion relations measurable in time-of-flight experiments, including faster
than light travel; Anisotropies in the speed of light, testable with rotating
resonators; Vacuum birefringence; Would be associated with a violation of the
equivalence principle.
* 2001: In analysis of
cosmological sources, the coefficients for Lorentz violation are bounded by
3 × 1032.
* 2004: Preferred frame
models are for all practical purposes ruled out by experimental bounds (& Sudarsky).
* 2006: Lower bound of
0.0066 EP 
0.66
1017 GeV
on violation scale from GRB 051221A; No effect on electron spin down to 10–21 eV
from University of Washington torsion-balance experiment [@ news pn(06)apr].
* 2007: Michelson-Morley
experiments give bounds of order 10–16 on
coefficients for electrons and photons.
@ Reviews and general: Amelino-Camelia NJP(04);
Allen & Yokoo ht/04-in
[terrestrial + space based experiments]; Pospelov & Pomalis PT(04)jul;
Kostelecky SA(04)sep, a0802-in;
Mattingly LRR(05)gq;
Bailey & Kostelecky PRD(06)
[framework]; Liberati a0706-in;
Kostelecky & Russell a0801-in
[data tables]; Mattingly a0802-in
[proposals]; Kostelecky & Mewes ApJ-a0809 [with
electromagnetic waves, framework].
@ Interferometry: Lämmerzahl CQG(98)gq;
Amelino-Camelia & Lämmerzahl CQG(04)gq/03;
Müller
et al PRL(08)
[Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer and isotropy of gravity]; > s.a. Michelson-Morley
Experiment.
@ Rotating resonators:
Lipa et al PRL(03)
+ pn(03)feb;
Stanwix et al PRL(05)hp,
PRD(06)gq [microwave];
Müller PRD(05);
Herrmann et al PRL(05);
Müller et al PRL(07).
@ Space-based: Bluhm et al PRD(03)
[and CPT]; Battat et al PRL(07)-a0710
[lunar laser ranging].
@ Astrophysical:
Jacobson et al Nat(03)ap/02 [Crab
nebula synchrotron radiation]; Altschul PRD(07)hp/06 [neutrons
and pulsar timing]; Maccione et al JCAP(07)-a0707 [Crab
nebula and dispersion relations]; Bailey a0709-in;
Biesiada & Piórkowska JCAP(07)-a0712 [neutrino
tof
delays],
a0712-A&A [lensing
delays]; Altschul PRD(08)
[for pions]; Jacob & Piran PRD(08)-a0810 [extragalactic
gamma-ray sources].
@ Hydrogenlike atoms: Belich
et al PRD(06)ht;
Kharlanov
& Zhukovsky JMP(07)-a0705.
@ Atomic physics:
Bluhm hp/01-in,
et al PRL(99),
et al PRL(02)hp/01 [clocks];
Russell PS(05)
[and optical].
@ Bose-Einstein condensates: Visser et al
ht/01-in;
Colladay & McDonald PRD(06).
@ Other experiments: Wolf et
al PRL(03),
GRG(04)gq,
PRD(04)hp [oscillator
and maser];
Kholmetskii
PS(03)
[Mössbauer spectroscopy]; Tobar et al PRD(05)hp/04 [photons,
scalar ++ parity-odd coefficients]; Canè et al PRL(04)
[neutrons, bounds on boost effects]; Cardone et al FP(06)
[DC voltage produced
by constant B field]; Kostelecky & Tasson PRL(09)-a0810 [gravity-matter
coupling]; > s.a. diffraction, Ether [drift].
@ And equivalence principle: Halprin & Kim PLB(99); > s.a. classical
equivalence principle.
@ And constants: Kostelecky et al PRD(03)ap/02.
Consequences of Violations for Particle Physics > s.a.
causal sets; CPT;
dirac fields;
instantons; particle
statistics; spinning particles.
@ General references: Bluhm et al PRD(98)hp [Penning
traps]; Cowsik & Sreekantan PLB(99)
[bounds]; Carmona & Cortés
PLB(00)hp [T
beta-decay]; Chkareuli et al NPB(01)hp,
PRL(01)hp [non-observability];
Colladay & Kostelecky
PLB(01)hp [standard-model
cross sections]; Amelino-Camelia
IJMPD(03)gq [LP2 effects
on particles]; Colladay & McDonald PRD(04)
[and statistical mechanics]; Lämmerzahl
et
al
PRD(05)gq
[charge non-conservation]; Cardone et al ht/05-in
[DSR and e mass]; Ferreira & Moucherek IJMPA(06)ht [Dirac
equation]; Altarev et al PRL(09) [spin precession of ultracold neutrons].
@ Neutrinos: Blasone et al EPL(05)hp/03 [mixing];
Battistoni
et al PLB(05)
[atmospheric, muon production]; Hooper et al PRD(05)hp [and
CPT]; Grossman et al PRD(05);
Arias et al PLB(07)hp/06 [oscillations];
Jacob & Piran NatPhy(07)hp/06 [tof
measurements]; Ellis et al PRD(08)-a0805;
Mattingly et al a0911/JCAP.
@ Wave dispersion: Amelino-Camelia et al JCAP(03)ht/02 [in 
-Minkoswki];
Xiao & Ma IJMPA(09).
@ Electrodynamics:
Kostelecky & Mewes PRL(01)ht, PRD(02)hp [vacuum
birefringence]; Vankov & Stanev PLB(02)ap;
Tobar et al PRD(05)hp/04,
err hp/07;
Altschul PRD(05)ht,
PRL(06),
PRD(06)
[synchrotron
radiation, inverse Compton]; Kostelecky & Mewes PRL(07)ap
[and
the cmb]; Altschul PRD(07)
[inverse Compton radiation]; > s.a. modified
electrodynamics.
@ Radiative corrections: Arteaga
et al IJTP(04);
Pérez & Sudarsky PRL(03)gq, GRG(05)
[limits, from dimension-5 operators]; Crichigno & Vucetich PLB(07)ht/06
[large effects
and fine tuning].
@ Threshold effects: Mattingly et al PRD(03);
Jacobson et al PRD(03)hp/02,
PRD(03)hp/02;
Lehnert PRD(03);
Heyman et
al
PRD(04)gq/03 [in
DSR].
@ Photons: Kaufhold & Klinkhamer NPB(06),
PRD(07)-a0704 [vacuum
Cerenkov
radiation]; Camacho & Macías GRG(07)gq
[thermodynamics
of photon
gas]; > s.a. quantum-gravity
phenomenology, wave phenomena [virtual
particles
and evanescent
waves].
@ GRBs: Kahniashvili et al PLB(06)ap;
Kostelecky & Mewes PRL(06)hp [polarization]; Fermi GBM/LAT a0908.
@ Cosmic and gamma-rays: González-Mestres ap/96-in, ap/96-in
[superluminal], hp/99-in, hp/99-in, ap/00-in, ht/02-in
[deformed group]; Coleman & Glashow PRD(99)hp/98 [GZK];
Bertolami NPPS(00)gq, & Carvalho
PRD(00)gq/99;
Aloisio
et
al
PRD(00)ap;
Stecker & Glashow APP(01)ap;
Amelino-Camelia PLB(02);
Lieu ApJL(02);
Stecker APP(03)ap,
IJMPA(05)ap/04;
Jacobson et al PRL(04)ap/03 [
s
and electrons]; Gagnon & Moore PRD(04)hp;
Stecker & Scully APP(05)ap/04
[UHECR]; Basu & Mattingly CQG(05)ap
[non-systematic]; Galaverni & Sigl PRL(08)-a0708 [only
third-order (at least) effects viable]; Jacob & Piran JCAP(08)
[arrival delays]; Maccione & Liberati JCAP-a0805 [Auger
data]; Bietenholz a0806 [rev];
Bi
et al PRD(09)-a0812 [ultra-high-energy];
Maccione
et al JCAP(09)-a0902;
Stecker
& Scully NJP(09)-a0906
[UHECR]; > s.a. cosmic
rays; gamma-ray astronomy.
Consequences of Violations for Gravitation and Cosmology
@ Gravitation: Gorbunov & Sibiryakov JHEP(05)ht [from
branes]; Eling et al PRD(07)ht/07 [violation
of generalized second law of black-hole thermodynamics]; Betschart et al NPB(09)-a0811 [black-hole
thermodynamics]; > s.a. black-hole radiation.
@ Cosmology: Moffat IJMPD(93)gq/92 [causality
problem]; González-Mestres ap/95, NPPS(96)ap [superluminal
particles and cosmological evolution]; Bertolami & Mota PLB(99)gq/98, gq/99-in
[string theory and magnetic fields]; Carroll & Lim PRD(04)ht
[slowdown]; Soda & Kanno gq/06-in
[brane world]; Khajeh et al PLB(07)
[particle creation]; Avelino et al PRD(09)-a0903 [dynamics
of inflation]; Campanelli et al PLB(09) [primordial magnetic fields].
@ Perturbations, structure formation: Lim PRD(05)ap/04 [and
cmb]; Li et al PRD(08)-a0709.
@ Bounds: Gurzadyan et al MPLA(05)
[anisotropy of c, cmb]; Lambiase PRD(05)ap
[from nucleosynthesis]; Kahniashvili et al PRD(08)-a0807 [WMAP];
Bailey a0911-in.
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nov 2009