Gravitational Wave Background  

In General > s.a. quantum gravity effects.
* Idea: A stochastic background, supposed to be roughly uniform between frequencies of 10–5 sec and 100 yr, isotropic, stationary over long periods, and Gaussian, because it comes from many uncorrelated sources.
* Sources: In order of increasing likelihood of detection, Parametric amplification of 0-point fluctuations during inflation (flat spectrum in huge f range, including LIGO and LISA sensitivity); Cosmic strings (relatively flat); Collisions of vacuum bubbles in reheating after phase transitions (peak at 10–7 Hz × Ept/GeV.
* And inflation: There were three different production processes at work in the inflationary era, Waves stemming from the inflationary expansion of space itself; Waves from the collision of bubble-like clumps of new matter at reheating after inflation; and Waves from the turbulent fluid mixing of the early pools of matter and radiation, before equilibrium among them (thermalization) had been achieved; Gravity waves would never have been in equilibrium with matter (since gravity is such a weak force there wouldn't be time to mingle adequately); Consequently the GWB will not appear to a viewer now to be at a single overall temperature.
* Bounds: 1995, At some frequencies we can already get bounds from the absence of T/T 's in the COBE data ( 10–18 Hz) or timing residuals in msec pulsars ( 10–8 Hz = (8 yrs)–1); 2005, LIGO results, gwb < 8.4 10–4 for flat spectrum 69–156 Hz.
@ General references: Alpher et al PR(53); Michelson MNRAS(87); ApJ(94)428, 713; Polnarev & Roxburgh GRG(95); Allen & Ottewill PRD(97) [anisotropies]; Grishchuk gq/98 [estimates], gq/00-in [rev]; Astone et al IJMPD(00); Maggiore PRP(00)gq/99, gq/00-ln [rev]; de Araujo et al PRD(00)ap [theory]; news pw(07)jan; Mitra et al a0711 [mapping]; Camerini et al a0802 [blue waves and cosmology].
@ Spectrum: Hawking et al PRD(00)ht [in open de Sitter]; Phinney ap/01/MNRAS; Farmer & Phinney MNRAS(03)ap [cosmological binaries]; Zhang et al CQG(05)ap [in accelerating universe]; Seto & Cooray PRD(06)ap/05 [very low f, constraints].
@ Theoretical bounds: Cooray et al PRD(05)ap [cmb-galaxy cross-correlation]; Smith et al PRL(06), Corda MPLA(07) [cmb].
@ Early universe: Kamionkowski et al PRD(94) [phase transitions]; Kosowsky et al PRD(02)ap/01 [from turbulence]; Grishchuk gq/02-in; Buonanno gq/03-ln; Boyle et al PRD(04)ht/03 [cyclic universe]; Santos et al gq/05-in; Izquierdo gq/06-PhD [expanding universe]; Mandic & Buonanno PRD(06)ap/05 [pre-big-bang and LIGO]; Ananda et al PRD(07) [from primordial density perturbations]; > s.a. cmb.
@ Bending of light: Faraoni ap/96-in; Kaiser & Jaffe ApJ(97)ap/96.
@ Other effects: Dautcourt PRD(99)gq [backreaction]; Kosenko & Postnov ap/99/A&A [fluctuations]; Grishchuk gq/05-in [cosmology and cmb]; de Araujo & Miranda PRD(05)ap [and star formation rate]; > s.a. cosmological expansion.

Sources and Other References > s.a. numerical relativity; sources of gravitational radiation.
@ Reviews: Hogan ap/06-in [LISA and inflation and other new physics], pw(07)jun.
@ Cosmic strings: Hawking PLB(90); Battye & Shellard ap/96-GRF, CQG(96)ap; Martin & Vilenkin PRL(96)ap [hybrid defects]; Damour & Vilenkin PRL(00)gq, PRD(01)gq [non-Gaussian]; Allen & Ottewill PRD(01) [waveforms]; Siemens & Olum NPB(01); Siemens et al PRL(07)ap/06; DePies & Hogan PRD(07)ap [light cosmic strings].
@ Quantum, primordial: Soares-Santos & Gouveia Dal Pino ap/06; Gogoberidze et al PRD(07)-a0705.
@ Inflation: Lyth PRL(97); Bucher & Cohn PRD(97); Gleiser & Roberts PRL(98) [collapsing vacuum domains]; Allen et al PRD(00)gq/99; Giovannini hp/99; Hertog & Turok PRD(00)ap/99 [instantons]; Langlois et al PLB(00) [on the brane]; Pilo et al PRL(04)ap; Sahoo MPLA(05)gq/04 [Brans-Dicke, spectrum]; Alexander & Martin PRD(05)ht/04 [birefringence]; Siegel & Fry PLB(05)ap [extra dimensions, thermal spectrum]; Zhao ap/05 [model dependence of spectrum]; Easther & Lim JCAP(06)ap; Smith et al PRD(06)ap [cmb vs direct detection]; Osano et al JCAP(07)gq/06 [second-order effects]; García & Figueroa PRL(07), a0801-in [hybrid preheating]; Dufaux et al a0707 [preheating after inflation]; Easther et al PRL(07), a0712; Smith et al a0802-PRD; Kuroyanagi et al a0804.
@ Particles and fields: Del Campo & Ford PRD(88) [thermal 's]; Kamionkowski et al PRD(94) + refs [phase transitions]; Schwarz MPLA(98) [QCD transition]; Brodin et al PRD(00)ap [magnetized plasmas].
@ Other sources: Carbone et al PRD(06)ap/05 [cold dark matter halos]; Buonanno et al PRD(05) [supernovas]; Sigl JCAP(06) [phase transitions in neutron stars]; Sivaram & Arun a0708 [thermal sources]; Regimbau & Chauvineau a0707-in [extragalactic ns-ns binaries]; Regimbau & Mandic CQG-a0806 [astrophysical vs primordial].
@ Other theories: Capozziello et al MPLA(07)-a0707 [scalar-tensor gravity, scalar waves], a0712 [higher-order gravity]; > s.a. higher-dimensional gravity; strings.

Detection, Analysis > s.a. gravitational wave detection.
@ General references: Allen gq/96-in [general], & Ottewill PRD(97)gq/96 [anisotropies], & Romano PRD(99)gq/97, Christensen PRD(97) [strategies]; Vitale et al PRD(97) [bar detector]; Lesgourgues et al A&A(00)gq/99; Zibin et al ap/99-GRF [and cmb]; Amelino-Camelia gq/00 [from quantum spacetime]; Cornish CQG(01)ap [deconvolution]; Finn & Lazzarini PRD(01)gq [noise]; Allen et al PRD(02)gq/01 [non-Gaussian]; Lazzarini et al PRD(04); Jenet et al ApJL(05)ap [pulsar timing]; Malaspinas & Sturani CQG(06) [correlating n detectors]; Chiba et al a0705 [search templates]; Cella et al a0704-CQG [prospects, Virgo and LSC]; Reynaud et al PRD(08) [using ultrastable-clock comparisons].
@ Observational bounds: LIGO PRL(05)ap [69–156 Hz]; Abbott et LIGO PRD(07)ap; Abbott et LIGO+ALLEGRO gq/07 [cross-correlation].
@ From inflation: Turner PRD(97); Smith et al PRD(06); Cooray MPLA(05); Chongchitnan & Efstathiou PRD(06).
@ Polarization: Seto PRL(06)ap [circular polarization, prospects]; Seto & Taruya a0707-PRL [Stokes parameters from laser interferometers].
@ Analysis techniques: Whelan et al gq/05-in [LIGO-ALLEGRO cross-correlations]; Seto PRD(06) [correlation analysis]; Himemoto et al PRD(07) [with non-Gaussian noise].
@ Codes, templates: Whelan et al CQG(02)gq/01-in; Bose PRD(05).
@ With interferometers: Christensen PRD(92); Flanagan PRD(93)ap [LIGO sensitivity]; Melissinos & Butler gq/05 [single detector]; Kudoh et al PRD(06)gq/05; Corbin & Cornish CQG(06)gq/05 [with BBO].
@ With LISA: Tinto et al PRD(01) [vs noise]; Cornish PRD(02)gq/01; Ignatiev et al MNRAS(01)ap [from binaries]; Timpano et al PRD(06).
@ Other wave background: Gasperini & Ungarelli PRD(01)gq [scalar].

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