Phenomenology of Gravity  

Post-Newtonian (PN) Corrections > s.a. gravitomagnetism; higher-order gravity; newtonian gravity and tests; tests of general relativity.
* Idea: In the weak-field, slow-motion (Tab dominated by T00 = , small momentum and stresses) approximation, the metric and geodesic equation can be approximated by

g00 = –1 – 2/c2 + O(v/c) ,    or    gab – 2 1 ,    and    d2xa /dt2 = –a00 = –a ;

introducing the lowest T0a corrections yields gravitomagnetism.
* And Newtonian force: The source of the Newtonian-like force is T 00 + Tii; > s.a. force.
* Infinite-c limit: The newton-cartan theory; > s.a. Ehlers' Frame Theory.
@ Newtonian limit: in Wald 84, 4.4; Gruber et al AJP(88); Stacey & Tuck PW(88)dec; Frittelli & Reula CMP(94)gq/95.
@ Post-Newtonian: Schutz in(84); Frisch AJP(90); Asada & Futamase PTPS(97)gq/98; Arminjon NCB(01)gq [methods].
@ Related topics: Dadhich gq/97 ["minimally curved spacetime"]; Hitzer & Dehnen IJTP(97)gq/98 [gauge for weak field]; Dautcourt APPB(98)gq [ultrarelativistic limit]; Nowakowski IJMPD(01)gq/00 [with cosmological constant].

Wave Tails > s.a. wave phenomena.
* Idea: They are due to a cut in the frequency Green function G() along the Im() < 0 axis, determined by the asymptotic structure of space (does not depend on horizons); The late time behavior is a power law in Schwarzschild, but not in general.
* Effects: Violation of Huygens' principle; Ringdown of signal from isolated source; Back-scatter of radiation by curvature.
@ General references: Friedlander 75; Bombelli & Sonego JPA(94)mp/00; Noonan CQG(95), CQG(95); Nolan gq/96; Mankin et al PRD(00), PRD(01)gq/00 [em in curved spacetime]; Hod PRD(02)gq [t-dependent].
@ Isolated objects: Hod CQG(01) [spherically symmetric]; > s.a. kerr; reissner-nordström, schwarzschild.
@ In cosmology: Ellis & Sciama in(72); Faraoni & Sonego PLA(92) [scalar waves in FRW]; Faraoni & Gunzig IJMPD(99)ap; Haghighipour GRG(05)gq/04 [em waves in FRW].
@ Strength of tails: Nolan CQG(97)gq; Mankin et al PRD(01)gq/00.

Other Effects on Waves > s.a. dirac fields; lensing; metric matching; polarization; Poynting Vector; tests of general relativity with light.
* Geometric optics approximation: To 0-th order in wavelength or inverse frequency, light rays are null geodesics, and the stress-energy tensor of the field has the form of that of a null fluid.
@ Geometric optics: Ehlers ZN(67); Anile JMP(76); in Misner et al 73; Mashhoon PLA(87); in Schneider et al 92; in Nolan gq/96.
@ Light bending: Ehlers & Rindler GRG(97) [local vs global]; Guadagnini PLB(02)gq [polarization change].
@ Bending, plane waves: Samuel CQG(04)gq/02 [Earth's field].
@ Birefringence: Solanki & Haugan PRD(96); Preuss gq/03-PhD [metric-affine theory]; Preuss et al PRD(05)gq [Poincaré gauge theory].
@ Gravitational redshift: Manly & Page PRD(01) [dispersion in lab].
@ Related topics: Peters PRD(74), Evans et al AJP(01)gq [index of refraction in curved spacetime]; Barrabès & Haugan 03 [impulsive signals]; Papini gq/03-in [inertial + gravitational effects on wave equations]; Mackay et al NJP(05) [negative phase velocity].

Other Effects, Matter > s.a. astrophysics; gravity theories; matter; spacetime [measurements]; tests of general relativity [including GPS].
* Particle properties: Some theories predict a graviton mass, and more polarizations for gravitational waves.
@ General topics: Thorne in(84) [non-linear]; Mashhoon PLA(92) [re strength of gravitational field]; Consoli & Costanzo a0710 [evidence for flat spacetime gravity?].
@ Effects on gravitating bodies: Guéron & Mosna PRD(07) [slowdown of infall from oscillations]; > s.a. orbits of gravitating bodies.
@ Effects on particles: Fischer a0805 [gravitational viscosity]; > s.a. chaotic motion; orbits of test bodies; tests of general relativity with orbits.
> Related phenomena: see aharonov-bohm; atomic physics [Stark effect]; black hole phenomenology; electricity [Coulomb's law]; gravitational collapse, radiation, thermodynamics.
> Puzzles/anomalies: see Allais Effect; anomalous acceleration.

Cosmological Effects and Tests > s.a. chaos; global geometry and topology; relativistic cosmology.
@ References: Knox et al ap/05/PRL [lensing, dark energy and new gravity]; Lamey & Obermair gq/05 [local/global, irreversibility]; Zhang et al PRL(07) [relationship between lensing and matter overdensity]; Jain & Zhang a0709-PRD [tests of modified gravity].
> Specific theories: see branes; Metric-Affine; scalar-tensor; supergravity.

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