Tests of Newtonian Gravity

In General > s.a. branes; equivalence principle; gravitational constant; experiments [Cavendish]; phenomenology.
* Idea and motivation: Various theories have occasionally predicted departures from Newton's r^–2 law; In particular, brane-world models with "large" extra dimensions predict departures at macroscopically small scales.
* Radial dependence: 2001, So far the r^–2 law seems ok; Long tested in the lab for L 1 m with Cavendish-type experiments; Recently verified down to 150 microns with torsion balances; Orbital measurements of satellites and planets cover distances of the order of 100 km or more, and galactic considerations give > 10¹⁹ m; Recent geophysical experiments are bridging the gap, but results are still controversial (some indicate a value of G about 1% higher than expected, and/or a Yukawa-type component, but the method has been criticized); 2004, Large-scale structure surveys find no departure at 10²³-m scales, lab tests from 137 microns still consistent with Newtonian gravitation; 2007, Torsion balance experiments find no deviation down to 56 microns.
* Gravity gradients: 1998, The most precise measurements, 10^–10 g/m, are done with atom interferometers.

References > s.a. casimir effect; modified newtonian gravitation [including PPN formalism]; general relativity.
@ News: Snadden et al PRL(98) + pn(98)jul [gradients]; news pn(00)may [Adelberger et al, r²].
@ Overviews: Gillies AJP(90)jun-RL; in Ohanian & Ruffini 94; Adelberger et al ARNPS(03)hp + pw(05)apr; Gundlach NJP(05) [lab tests].
@ Macroscopic range: Beane GRG(97) [0.1 mm – 1 cm]; Steffen IJMPD(04)gq/05 [10 cm, proposed experiment]; Trenkel PRD(08) [2 cm – 1 m, constraints on Yukawa term].
@ Short range: Long et al NPB(99), hp/00-MG9, Hoyle et al PRL(01) [L < 1 mm]; Krause & Fischbach IJMPD(01) [L < 10^–4 m, challenges]; Long et al Nat(03)feb + pw(03)feb; Long & Price CRP(03)hp; Fischbach et al PLA(03) [nm-scale, iso-electronic effect]; Chiaverini et al PRL(03) [below 0.1 mm]; Dimopoulos & Geraci PRD(03) [proposal to use BEC]; Nesvizhevsky & Protasov CQG(04) [nm, from neutron quantum states]; Speake et al GRG(04) [L 1 micron?]; Paik et al GRG(04) [in space]; Hoyle et al PRD(04)hp [137 microns to 10.77 mm]; Smullin et al PRD(05)hp [6–20 microns]; Ferrari et al PRL(06) + pn(06)aug [micron-scale, Bloch oscillations in ⁸⁸Sr]; Kapner et al PRL(07) + pw(07)jan [down to 56 microns ok]; Tu et al PRL(07) [down to 66 microns ok]; Azam PRD(08)-a0712 [brane-motivated violations of Birkhoff theorem]; Weld et al PRD(08)-a0801 [apparatus]; Geraci et al PRD(08)-a0802 + news pw(08)mar [bounds at 10 microns]; Masuda & Sasaki PRL(09) [0.48–6.5 micron range].
@ Special effects: Boynton CQG(00) [torsion pendulum]; Mohazzabi & James AJP(00)nov [plumb line deviation]; Camacho IJMPA(01)gq/00 [on quantum interference], PLA(01) [on light coherence].
@ Related topics: Camacho IJMPA(01)gq/00 [interferometry]; Fucito gq/00-in [large and small scales]; Arun et al CQG(06) [with gravitational wave observations]; Adelberger et al PRL(07) [constraints on dilaton, radion, chameleon and Yukawa interactions]; > s.a. Chameleon Field; neutrons.

Large-Scale Deviations > MOND [tests].
@ Intermediate, Earth scales: Ander et al PRL(89) [Greenland ice]; Kim PLB(89) [re anomalies]; Thomas PRD(89) [analysis]; Fischbach & Talmadge AJP(91)mar; Baldi et al PRD(01) [lake water].
@ Solar System scales: Kolosnitsyn & Melnikov GRG(04) [orbit precession]; Reynaud & Jaekel gq/05-in [and Pioneer anomaly]; Li & Zhao IJMPD(05)gq [1.2 × 10⁷ – 3.8 × 10⁸ m, satellite-lunar]; Wallin et al ApJ(07)-a0705 [bounds from TNO orbits]; Iorio JHEP(07)-a0708 + pw(07)aug [no modifications on scales larger than 0.1 AU]; Iorio SRE(08)-a0809 [Yukawa-like]; Bovy et al a0903 [other power laws].
@ Galactic scales: Camacho GRG(04)gq/03 [10¹⁴ m, Sagnac interferometry]; Zucker et al ApJL(06)ap/05 [motion around Milky Way center]; Brandao & de Araujio GRG(09)-a0910[Yukawa-like potentials and galactic dynamics].
@ Cosmological scales: Dvali et al PRD(03) [Lunar ranging tests]; Uzan IJTP(03); Sealfon et al PRD(05)ap/04 [Mpc, from large-scale structure]; Shirata et al PRD(05)ap, PRD(07)-a0705 [from galaxy clustering]; Sereno & Peacock MNRAS(06)ap [mass density fluctuations].

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