Gravitational
Collapse| Gravitational
Collapse |
In General
* Outcome: It will in
general lead to some singularity, either a black hole or a naked singularity,
as indicated first by the Oppenheimer-Snyder solutions and
later more generally
(without symmetry assumptions) by the singularity theorems.
* History: Einstein
[@
AM(39)] did not believe that stars could collapse
to singularities; After the early
1960s, work on gravitational collapse was divided into
two branches,
horizons and astronomical effects, and nature of singularities.
* Time scale: Collapsed objects should settle to their equilibrium
configuration in a time of the order of the light crossing time (and dependent
on the spin
of the perturbation).
Hoop Conjecture
* Idea: Any chunk of matter, compressed enough in all directions,
becomes a black hole and develops a horizon.
$ Def: A black hole will
form iff a mass M is compacted to a region with
circumference c < 4
M in
every direction.
@ General references: Thorne in(72); in
Misner et al 73, p868; Bonnor PLA(83),
PLA(84);
Ponce de León GRG(87)
[counterexample]; Barrabès et al CQG(92);
Chiba & Maeda PRD(94)
[+ 
];
Gonçalves gq/03-GRF,
PRD(03)gq,
CQG(03)gq [evidence,
with isometries]; Nakao et al PLB(03)
[brane world]; Senovilla EPL(08)-a0708 [general
reformulation].
@ Specific types of situations: Chiba PRD(99)gq [non-axisymmetric];
Yoshino & Nambu PRD(02)
[high-energy collisions]; Yoshino PRD(08)-a0712 [collision
of two pp waves,
highly distorted apparent horizon]; Choptuik & Pretorius a0908 [ultrarelativistic
collisions].
Spherical Collapse Solutions > s.a. canonical
quantum gravity; numerical models; types
of singularities;
Vaidya Metric.
* Oppenheimer-Snyder: A family of solutions, representing the collapse
of a uniform density dust cloud (star with zero pressure).
@ General references: Christodoulou CPAM(91)
[theory]; Dwivedi & Joshi
CMP(94)
[with matter]; Wagh ap/02 [and
accretion, in exact general relativity]; Joshi & Goswami PRD(04)gq/02 [initial
data]; Wagh et al gq/02;
Lasky & Lun gq/06-in,
PRD(07)gq/06 [general
fluids]; Sharif & Iqbal MPLA(09)-a0812.
@ Oppenheimer-Snyder: Oppenheimer & Snyder PR(39);
Misner et al 73, pp 851–856;
Ilha & Lemos PRD(97)
[even dimensions]; Casadio PRD(98)gq [Hamiltonian];
Mitra FPL(00)ap/99 [??];
Marshall a0907 [criticism,
no black hole]; > s.a. perturbations
in general relativity.
@ Scalar field: Burko & Ori PRD(97)
[massless, numerical]; Ziprick & Kunstatter PRD(09)-a0812 [massless, Painlevé-Gullstrand
numerical].
@ Scalar field + cosmological constant:
Husain et al CQG(03)gq/02 [spherical,
massless].
@ Dust + cosmological constant: Markovic & Shapiro
PRD(00)gq/99 [homogeneous];
Lake
PRD(00)gq [inhomogeneous];
Deshingkar et al PRD(01)gq/00;
Cai & Wang PRD(06)
[dark energy].
@ Other fluid: Husain PRD(96)gq/95;
Dadhich et al IJMPA(05)
[higher-dimensional]; Gonçalves & Villas da Rocha IJMPD(08)
[dark energy, with
kinematic
self-similarity]; Andreasson et al a0812 [Einstein-Vlasov];
Sharif & Abbas MPLA-a0905 [with electromagnetic field and cosmological constant]; > s.a. Chaplygin
Gas.
Outcomes of Collapse > s.a. [astronomical
objects; gravitating matter;] censorship; critical
collapse; wormholes.
* Carter-Israel conjecture: The end-state of the gravitational collapse of matter
is a Kerr-Newman black hole.
@ Black hole production: Christodoulou CMP(87);
Hod & Piran GRG(98)gq/99 [charged
scalar, development
of singularity and interior];
Hall & Hsu
PRL(90);
Loinger
ap/00/NCB
[against!];
Giambò et al CQG(02),
Andreasson et al a0706 [spherical,
sufficient condition]; Bambi et al a0908 [alternatives
to Carter-Israel conjecture]; > s.a. black-hole
formation and phenomenology.
@ Naked singularities: Harada et al PRD(00)gq,
PRD(00)gq [explosive
radiation]; Ghosh & Dadhich
PRD(01)gq [higher-dimensional Vaidya];
Giambò et al CQG(03),
CQG(03);
Goswami et al PRD(04)gq [spherical].
@ Radiation: Ruffini & Vitagliano
IJMPD(03)ap/02 [energy
production]; Calogeracos PLA(04)gq [spherical,
spectrum]; Ruffini et al IJMPD(05)gq/04 [em
radiation].
@ Pfluid: Goswami & Joshi CQG(04)gq [barotropic].
References > s.a. numerical models.
@ General: Bergmann PRL(64);
Harrison et al 65; Misner in(69); Penrose RNC(69);
Christodoulou PhD(71), CMP(84);
Price PRD(72),
PRD(72)
[perturbations]; Boulware PRD(73);
Penrose in(78); Wald JMP(79);
Schoen & Yau CMP(83);
Ori & Piran PRL(87);
Nakamura et al PTPS(87);
Christodoulou in(91); Eardley JMP(95)
[vacuum]; Joshi gq/97-in,
Pra(00)gq-in
[rev], gq/04-in;
Herrera et al IJMPD(09)-a0804 [viscous,
dissipative]; Herrera a0909-in.
@ Matter shells: Kuchar CzJP(68)
[charged shell]; Gibbons CQG(97)ht [and isoperimetric inequality]; Cho et al ht/00 [magnetic
shell].
@ Entropy
of collapsing matter: Amarzguioui & Grøn PRD(05)gq/04;
Greenwood JCAP(09)-a0811 [time
evolution]; >
s.a. entropy bound.
@ Other matter: Gibbons & Steif
PLB(93)gq [fermion
production]; Jhingan & Magli PRD(00)gq/99 [particle
clusters]; Sorkin & Piran PRD(01)gq/00 [charged
pair creation]; Adler AJP(05)dec-gq
[simple light and pfluid models]; Germani & Tsagas PRD(06)
[magnetized Tolman-Bondi]; Lasky & Lun a0711-in
[plasma]; > s.a. canonical
general relativity models [shells].
@ Of inhomogeneities / fluctuations: Carr AJ(75);
Herrera et al PLA(98)gq/97.
@ Cylindrical: Lemos PRD(98)
[& toroidal]; Herrera & Santos
CQG(05)gq [and
gravitational waves].
@ With cosmological constant: Ghosh PRD(00)gq/01 [null
fluid, naked singularities]; Madhav et al PRD(05)gq [non-zero
tangential p].
@ With cosmological constant, 2+1: Chan et al IJMPD(06)gq/05 [+
massless scalar]; Gutti CQG(05)gq [+
dust]; Mann et al a0812 [rotating
shell].
@ In higher dimensions: Debnath & Chakraborty MPLA(03),
GRG(04),
et al GRG(04),
et al GRG(08);
Yoo et al PRD(05)gq [5D,
hoop conjecture, including numerical]; Sarwe & Saraykar gq/05;
Goswami & Joshi PRD(07)gq/06 [any D,
spherical]; Maier & Soares a0906 [D-branes].
@ Semiclassical: Barceló et al PRD(08)-a0712 [fate,
questioning black-hole formation]; > s.a. black
holes.
@ Quantum: Hájícek CMP(92), NPPS(00)gq/99;
Hawkins PRD(94);
Myers GRG(97)gq [pure/mixed
states]; Varadarajan PRD(98)gq;
Vaz & Witten PRD(01)
[black holes from dust]; Corichi et al PRD(02)gq/01 [dust
shell]; Hájícek LNP(03)gq/02;
Husain & Winkler PRD(06)gq/06 [spherical];
Vachaspati a0711 [Schrödinger
picture]; Husain in(07)-a0801 [rev];
Modesto IJTP(08)
[minisuperspace, lqg methods].
@ Quantum, 2+1: Ortíz & Ryan JPCS(07)gq, GRG(07)
[2+1, dust, quantum]; Vaz et al PRD(07)-a0710 [and
Hawking radiation].
@ Related topics: Misner PR(65)
[spherical, with escaping neutrinos]; Hod PRL(00)
[rotating, radiative tail]; Joshi et al gq/03 [shear,
outcome]; Vachaspati & Stojkovic PLB(08)gq/07
[and radiation]; > s.a. Gravastar.
> Related topics:
see AdS-cft; branes; Chandrasekhar
Limit;
sources of gravitational radiation; regge
calculus.
> In other theories:
see Lovelock Gravity; modified
lorentz
symmetry [Einstein-aether theory]; MOND.
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oct 2009