Tests
of General Relativity| Tests
of General Relativity |
In General > s.a. gravitational
constant; gravitational
radiation; gravitomagnetism [including
brane]; modified newtonian gravity [PPN].
* Status: 1989, Experimental
gravitation is now becoming a major part of general relativity, which is finally
recovering a balance between theory and observation;
This pushes the theory to justify better its approximations; Also, new tests
are being devised, gravitational lensing being one of the most rigorous.
* Bounds on PN parameters:
For the non-linearity parameter, 
< ×
10–3;
For the curvature parameter, 
–1 < 10–3 (VLBI
and quasars), = (4.8 
5.7) ×
(2.1 2.3) × 10–5 (2003,
Cassini spacecraft) [below, 
:=
4 – – 3, & 
=
std error].
* Strong-gravity regime: Two
approaches use observations of compact objects and detection of gravitational
waves.
@ General references: Møller ed-62; Bertotti ed-74; Will PRP(84);
Cook RPP(88);
Will Sci(90)nov;
Berezin TMP(92);
Will IJMPD(92),
93; Karim & Qadir ed-CQG(94);
Nordtvedt PT(96)may;
Esposito-Farèse gq/99-in;
Iorio a0908 [bias in some tests].
@ Reviews: Damour gq/94, gq/94,
in(95), gq/96, gq/97-in,
NPPS(00)gq/99-in;
Will gq/98-ln,
LRR(01)gq;
Turyshev et al gq/03-in;
Will pw(05)jan;
Ni IJMPD(05)gq;
Will LRR(06)gq/05;
Bertolami et al gq/06-in;
Turyshev et al IJMPD(07)-a0711,
Maleki GRG(08)
[space-based research]; Turyshev EPJST(08)-a0804-in
[in space], ARNPS(08)-a0806,
PU(09)-a0809;
Turyshev a0906-in.
@ Satellite ranging: Giampieri ap/95-in;
Iorio ASR(07)gq/02-in;
Williams et al IJMPD(04),
Penanen & Chui gq/04-in
[precision].
@ Other solar system tests: Allemandi & Ruggiero GRG(07)ap/06;
Iorio PSS(07)gq [effect
of Kuiper Belt objects and asteroids]; Wolf et al EA(09)-a0711 [SAGAS
project]; Iess & Asmar IJMPD(07)
[cosmology-motivated]; Reynaud & Jaekel a0801-ln;
Turyshev et al IJMPD(09)-a0805 [BEACON
mission]; Jaekel & Reynaud in(07)a0806;
Turyshev a0902-rp
[opportunities]; Reynaud et al a0903-in
[ACES and SAGAS space projects].
@ Post-Einsteinian framework: Jaekel & Reynaud CQG(05)gq,
CQG(06)gq/05; > s.a.
gravitational-wave detection.
@ Clock experiments: Will gq/95;
Damour gq/97-in, gq/99-in
[stringy motivation]; Lichtenegger et al gq/98-in;
Tartaglia CQG(00)gq/99;
Schiller et al NPPS(07)gq/06 [in
space]; Le Poncin-Lafitte & Lambert ap/06-in; > s.a. clocks.
@ Lab experiments: Chen & Cook 93; Barrett gq/97;
Zhang et al MPLA(01)gq/00,
Iorio CQG(03)gq/02 [rotating
bodies]; Dimopoulos et al PRL(07)gq/06 [atom
interferometry]; Bimonte et al PRD(08)-a0707 [gravity
of magnetic energy and stresses].
Effects and Applications > s.a. equivalence
principle; gravitational
constant; astrophysical and cosmological tests, tests
with light and with orbits.
@ Gravitational time dilation: Hafele & Keating Sci(72)jul, Sci(72)jul;
Alley in(79); Alberici gq/04,
gq/05 [uniform
gravitational field]; > s.a. doppler effect [redshift].
@ Measuring curvature by interferometry: Audretsch & Marzlin PRA(94)gq/93;
Snadden
et al PRL(98)
+ pn(98)jul.
@ Speed of gravity: Novello et al AP(97)
[theory with different speed]; Van Flandern PLA(98),
comment Marsh & Nissim-Sabat
PLA(99),
reply PLA(99);
Kopeikin PLA(03)gq/02,
CQG(04)gq/03;
news pw(03)jan;
Samuel PRL(03);
Will ApJ(03)ap;
Fomalont & Kopeikin
ApJ(03)ap [Jupiter];
Faber ap/03/ApJL;
Asada ap/03-in;
Musser SA(03)apr; Kopeikin & Fomalont PLA(06)gq/03,
FP(06)ap/03;
Carlip CQG(04)gq [model-dependence];
Samuel IJMPD(04)ap,
comment Kopeikin IJMPD(06)gq/05,
Asada IJMPD(06),
Carlip IJMPD(06);
Kopeikin & Fomalont GRG(07) + sr(07)oct [gravitomagnetism and aberration of
gravity]; > s.a. bimetric
theory.
@ Other topics: Wex gq/00-in
[dipole radiation, Stark effect]; Unnikrishnan & Gillies PRD(06),
IJMPD(08) [gravity of quantum Fermi pressure].
> Other tests: see Aberration; de
Sitter-Fokker Precession; gravitational radiation;
lensing; phenomenology
of gravity.
> On particles and high-energy
physics: see graviton; neutrino;
photon; quantum states.
Macroscopic Systems > s.a. gravitomagnetism;
neutron stars;
phenomenology of gravity.
* GPS: 24 satellites
at 12,000 mi + 5 ground stations, operational since 1994; Use two different
frequencies,
for corrections; Civilian accuracy
25 m,
1 m
for differential GPS (about $200 by 1995), but
1 cm is
possible.
@ GPS: Kleppner PT(93)apr;
Misner gq/95;
Herring SA(96)feb; Bahder gq/98 [model
clock behavior in Minkowski], PRD(03)gq;
Ashby PT(02)may,
LRR(03);
Pascual-Sánchez AdP(07)gq/05-in.
@ Space-based tests: Will Nat(90)oct;
Alexeev et al G&C(99)gq/00;
Iorio RNC(02)gq/01 [, ],
JGSJ(02)gq/01 [LAGEOS,
Ajisai]; Ni IJMPD(02),
et al IJMPD(02)
[ASTROD]; Anderson et al gq/03-wd
[Cassini]; Lämmerzahl gq/04-in;
Iorio JCAP(05)gq/04 [of
brane-world, comment]; in NPPS(07)166;
Appourchaux et al EA(09)-a0802-in
[ASTROD 1]; Kopeikin PLA(09) [Cassini]; > s.a. tests
with
orbits [lunar
ranging].
@ Other: Longuski et al PRL(01), PRD(04) [spacecraft deflection]; Pascual-Sánchez
LNP(03)gq/02 [Earth's
gravitomagnetism].
Tests of Other Theories > s.a. einstein-cartan
theory; Gauge
Theory of Gravity; gravitational
radiation; scalar-tensor theories;
torsion.
@ Fifth force, Yukawa potential: Iorio PLA(02)gq [and LAGEOS].
@ Weyl gravity: Edery & Paranjape PRD(98)ap/97 [deflection,
delay];
Pireaux CQG(04),
CQG(04)gq [light
deflection].
@ Higher-derivative theories: Accioly & Blas PRD(01)gq [quadratic,
light dispersion]; Smith et al PRD(08)-a0708
[Gauss-Bonnet term]; > s.a. higher-order
gravity.
@ Brane-world gravity: Ghosh & Raychaudhuri PLB(00)
[Randall-Sundrum]; Jalalzadeh et al CQG(09)-a0906,
Boehmer et al a0910 [classical tests].
@ Higher-dimensional theories: Wesson et al MPLA(97)
[5D, Kaluza-Klein]; Liu & Overduin ApJ(00)gq [5D,
Kaluza-Klein]; de Aragão et al gq/05 [and
preferred frames]; Rahaman et al IJTP(09)-a0707 [mostly
incompatible]; > s.a. higher-dimensional
gravity.
@ Other theories: Bailey PRD(09) [Lorentz-violating].
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send feedback and suggestions to bombelli at olemiss.edu – modified 21
oct
2009